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GCSE Geography > 🏚️ Human: Lagos LIC > Flashcards

🏚️ Human: Lagos LIC Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

Illegal settlements on edge of cities built with scrap materials.

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2
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Uncontrolled expansion of towns or cities.

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3
Q

Why is Lagos important nationally?

A
  • Home to 10% of Nigeria’s population
  • Accounts for over 60% of industrial and commercial activities
  • Contributes to 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
  • Generates the most money earnt of all states in Nigeria
  • Most Nigerian manufacturing industry is located in Lagos
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4
Q

How much has Lagos’ population grown from 2000 to 2020?

A

122%

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5
Q

What are four push factors from rural parts of Nigeria?

A
  • Lack of rural jobs
  • Poor soil quality
  • Access to infrastructure
  • Civil war
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6
Q

What is natural change?

A

Birth rate - death rate

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7
Q

What are possible issues created by rapid population growth?

A
  • Infrastructure can’t cope with overpopulation
  • Growth of squatter settlements
  • Increase in crime due to lack of jobs
  • Congestion
  • Poor air quality
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8
Q

What are possible benefits created by rapid population growth?

A
  • Increased workforce
  • Access to education increases the skill of workforce
  • Attract TNCs + FDIs
  • More taxes increase = government can afford to improve Lagos
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9
Q

How has urban growth in Lagos created social opportunities?

A
  • Access to healthcare: People often die from curable diseases in rural areas just because they don’t have access to healthcare
  • Access to education: The ability to provide children with a better education is a massive pull factor to Lagos. There are 10+ unis in Lagos state alone
  • Improved Transport: Lagos opened the Lagos Blue Rail Line in Jan 2023 and it’s expected to transport 250k people daily
  • Access to energy: People in Lagos have better access to energy than in rural areas. Two new power stations are planned to reduce the city’s shortage of electricity
  • Water Supply: Water is unreliable, with only the wealthiest homes having piped water. However, others use public taps and boreholes or buy their water from street vendors, rural areas have people walking miles to source fresh water
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10
Q

How has urban growth in Lagos created economic opportunities?

A
  • There are better employment opportunities with higher pay and of a wider range in Lagos
  • Jobs are available in Lagos where they aren’t in any other place in Nigeria
  • tertiary jobs like lawyers, computing, finance and business are in demand, allowing ppl to earn a significantly better wage in the formal sector
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11
Q

What is the informal economy/sector?

A

The part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. For example a street vendor that does not pay tax.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the Olusosun rubbish dump?

A
  • Olususon is a huge landfill site near the heart of Lagos
  • Workers live at the dump, building their homes out of recycled materials
  • Around 500 people work at the dump
  • There are shops, restaurants, bars, cinemas and a mosque at the dump
  • Each day the workers sort 3,000 tonnes of waste by hand, picking out valuable items to sell
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13
Q

What are the advantages of the Olususon rubbish dump?

A
  • Rubbish can be turned into energy by harnessing methane gas emitted from rotted waste
  • A new project by the Lagos State waste Management Authority is planned to produce 25MW of electricity, which is enough to power a town
  • Olususon is a way people in Lagos find solutions to problems - seeing it as an opportunity
  • Without a dump, a lot of reusable items would go to waste. People in Lagos can save money by buying recycled goods
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Olususon rubbish dump?

A
  • Workers live at the dump, building their homes out of recycled materials
  • Natural gases build up under decomposing waste, especially when it is dry, which often leads to fires
  • A lot of workers wear no shoes or have no gloves, meaning sharp objects can cut them
  • Electric waste is brought to the site and treated with chemicals to extract reusable materials, but toxic fumes are released
  • Governments collect around 40% of the 10,000 tonnes of waste produced in Lagos everyday. The 40% is taken to landfill sites and only 13% of this waste is recycled
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15
Q

What are the positives of Makoko slum having an informal economy?

A
  • Informal shopping areas exist where you can buy anything you might need.
  • Rooms within houses have multiple functions, including living, working and sleeping
  • Many daily jobs are done in social spheres which helps build community
  • Many people have a job in Makoko and work locally
  • The slum offers a first foothold to living in the megacity
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16
Q

How has urban growth created challenges in Lagos?

A

En - Large rubbish dumps contain illegal toxic waste
En - Factory Emissions are not controlled leading to water + air pollution
En - There is no system to deal with waste from factories
En - There are no sewage systems and raw sewage is ejected into the lagoon causing health problems
En - Only 40% of rubbish is officially collected
So - Traffic congestion is really bad. It can take up to 2 hours to travel in the city in rush hour
So - Houses in shanty towns like Makoko are made of flimsy materials and built on stilts
So - Few primary schools in shanty towns and can be very expensive and sometimes unaffordable
So - Communal toilets are shared by up to 15 houses
So - There are not enough formal jobs for migrants
SoEc - Only the wealthiest homes have piped water, other poorer areas have to walk up to 3km away
SoEc - Richer households use diesel generators to produce electricity but can often run out, unreliable
So - High levels of crime are self-policed by ‘area boys’
SoEc - High unemployment in Lagos state due to the influx of people from every corner of the country
So - 60% of people live in slums
So - Lack of sanitation + basic facilities in slums
Ec - Electric supply in poorest areas comes from illegal connections that often cut out

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17
Q

What are challenging conditions in slums?

A
  • Lack of sanitation
  • Vulnerable to sea level change and flooding
  • Lack of access to clean water
  • Lack of legal rights
  • Poor health
  • Unemployment and poor quality of work
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18
Q

What are some opportunities in Makoko?

A
  • Swiss government will build a healthcare centre in the slum
  • New raised city in the works which would provide new homes + jobs
  • Regeneration plan for a floating school
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19
Q

What are some challenges in Makoko?

A
  • Machete-wielding men have attacked Makoko’s homes leaving 30k people homeless
  • They’re vulnerable to diseases like malaria, cholera and malnutrition
  • Huge rate of maternal mortality means decrease in successful childbirths
20
Q

What is pollution?

A

The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment.

21
Q

What is sanitation?

A

Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.

22
Q

Why is safe water supply an issue in Lagos?

A

Rapid urbanisation. There are too many people and not an adequate infrastructure.

23
Q

What are the % of water supply provision?

A

Well or Borehole - 55%
Water Vendor - 16%
Public Tap - 14%
Piped Water - 11%
River - 4%

24
Q

What are the problems with water in Lagos.

A

Supply: - Only 10% of the population in Lagos have water from the Lagos Water Corporation
- Rapid population growth means demands for water will increase
- Water leakages and theft are common
- Poor planning and insufficient funding along with an old failing infrastructure means the government find it difficult to provide clean water.
- There is a demand gap of 330mil gallons a day which the LWC can’t fulfil
- Lagosians resort to private water vendors in the informal sector and pay up to 500% more

Pollution: - Climate change and rising sea levels will increase the problems of water contamination
- There isn’t an adequate waste water treatment
- Lack of sanitation means water in the lagoon becomes polluted by sewage leading to water borne diseases: cholera + dysentery
- Poor planning and insufficient funding along with an old failing infrastructure means the government find it difficult to provide clean water
- Some water pipes are laid with sewage so become contaminated

25
Q

What are the environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation?

A
  • Increased water pollution due to raw sewage leaking into the water table from increase in squatter settlements
  • Increased air pollution due to SO₂ and particulate matter from exhaust fumes from growth of vehicles
  • Increased air and water pollution from factories - dumped waste, from poor regulation and enforcement of heavy industries like chemical plants
26
Q

How long does the average resident spend in traffic>

A

2 - 3 hours

27
Q

How has LAMATA (Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority) created a transport strategy to reduce traffic?

A

They introduced the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)
Which created a North-South route from the suburbs to the CBD on Lagos Island
Separate lane for buses to reduce travel times
25% of all commuters use the BRT, 200k ppl

28
Q

What are the successes of the BRT?

A
  • Daily usage exceeds 220K passengers, reducing car usage
  • Average bus wait time is 10 mins
  • Reduction in travel time by 30%
  • 2k new jobs working on or linked to BRT
  • fares are affordable for even the poorest
  • Reduction in air pollution by 13%
29
Q

What are the problems of the BRT?

A
  • The single BRT is not adequate to deal with all of Lagos’ congestion problems
  • Traders and pedestrians often use the designated bus lanes
  • Population in Lagos is growing so pressure on the system increases
  • The system only runs from N-S so doesn’t cover all the city
30
Q

What is another transport strategy to reduce traffic congestion?

A

The Lagos Rail Mass Transit (LMRT) Blue Line

31
Q

What is the LMRT Blue Line?

A

A 27km rail system from Marina to Okokomaiko. The construction has been divided into two stages and the completed 13km first phase is expected to move about 250k passengers per day.

32
Q

What is one example of urban planning to improve the quality of life for the urban poor?

A

The Lagos rent-to-own strategy.

33
Q

What is the rent-to-own strategy?

A

To ensure provision of adequate + good quality housing and facilitate easy access of its citizens to home ownership by letting people who want to own a home pay 5% of its value, then move in, paying the rest as rent towards the ownership of the property over 10 years.

34
Q

Who started the rent-to-own strategy and who’s it for?

A

Lagos state government for the urban poor.

35
Q

What are the advantages of the rent-to-own strategy?

A
  • Affordable
  • Good quality of life
  • Home ownerships
  • More money for other things
  • More likely to be healthy
36
Q

What are the disadvantages of the rent-to-own strategy?

A
  • Small scale
  • Rapid population growth
  • Only part of the solution
37
Q

What is another example of urban planning to improve the quality of life for the urban poor?

A

Makoko Floating School

38
Q

What is the Makoko Floating School and what is its aim?

A

It is a prototype floating structure, built for the water community of Makoko. It aims to generate sustainable, alternative building systems to tackle climate change and address the community’s social and physical needs.

39
Q

What are the benefits of MFS for the local community?

A
  • Unskilled workers employed to build the structure, with the idea they would be able to build their own with what they learnt
  • A vital meeting point and social space
  • Fishermen mend their nets and get shade, whilst market ladies can park their boats
  • Gives skills for other construction jobs
  • Sustainable for future generations
40
Q

What are the benefits of MFS for the government?

A
  • Generates a new sustainable building system they can use
  • It can help them adapt to rising sea levels
  • Improves education levels and therefore increases tax levels
  • Increases skill level of population
  • Helps to reduce pollution
41
Q

How is MFS environmentally sustainable?

A
  • It floats so it can adapt to rising sea levels
  • Solar panels which provide free energy and don’t release CO₂
  • It has natural ventilation so doesn’t need air conditioning
  • Uses local building materials so reduces carbon footprint
  • There is green space which is good for mental health and acts as a carbon sink
42
Q

What is an example of an urban planning idea in Lagos?

A

The Eko Atlantic City Project

43
Q

What is the Eko Atlantic City Project?

A

A project to provide more jobs, living space and entertainment on a huge reclaimed site on Victoria island

44
Q

What are the advantages of the EACP?

A
  • Will bring significant direct investment into Lagos
  • Will generate economic benefits due to increasing employment and more jobs
  • Will be good publicity for Lagos wishing to attract more multi-national companies
  • Luxury hotels and offices on Victoria island will benefit
  • May prompt the government to deal with then flooding in local homes and businesses as it would adversely affect EA
  • The reclaimed area of EA is also designed to protect Lagos from flooding + storm surges
  • The EAP will stimulate the multiplier effect
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of the EACP?

A
  • May cause water pollution and disturbances to marine life through accidental spillages and sand dredging
  • Some fishermen and shell collectors will have their livelihoods disrupted
  • Communities which will be affected were not included in project plans
  • Some environmentalists argue that the sand being used to reclaim land will not be replenished naturally and increase erosion rates
  • Neighbouring communities will have difficulty dealing with the increase pressure on services and infrastructure
  • Critics argue jobs created will not be permanent and many jobs wont go to the very poorest of Lagos
  • Does not include opportunities for renewable energy

GCSE Geography (9 decks)

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