Physical Sciences 19

Question 1

what happens to glucose not used immediately?

Answer 1

stored in the liver as glycogen

Question 2

Glycogen uptake mechanism for liver (insulin function)

Answer 2

inactivates liver phosphorylase

activates glucokinase

enhances uptake of glucose from blood

increases of glycogenesis enzymes (for glycogen storage)

Question 3

what is the most important functional roles of insulin

Answer 3

controls from moment to moment whether fat (decrease insulin) or carbohydrates (increase insulin) will be used for energy by the cells

Question 4

what hormone lowers blood glucose levels

Answer 4

insulin

Question 5

vascular supply of the liver

Answer 5

high blood flow and low vascular resistance

Question 6

why is it important that the liver has low vascular resistance

Answer 6

it is a storage site for lots of blood (about 25%)

Question 7

what is the pressure into the liver?

Answer 7

9 mm Hg

Question 8

what is the pressure from liver to vena cava?

Answer 8

0 mm Hg

Question 9

effects of cirrhosis on blood flow

Answer 9

increases blood resistance to blood flow

this is because it causes fibrosis of liver

Question 10

effect of clot blocking the portal vein

Answer 10

blockage of return blood from spleen and intestines

increases capillary pressure in the intestinal wall (loses fluid from capillaries to intestinal system –> death)

Question 11

what is the pressure differential in the liver vascular system

Answer 11

9 mm Hg

Question 12

hepatic sinusoids are highly permeable to ___

Answer 12

proteins

protein concentration similar to plasma (6 g/dL)

Question 13

what is ascites?

Answer 13

swelling of the abdomen due to large amount of fluid in abdominal cavity

caused by higher than normal pressure in hepatic veins

Question 14

mechanism of ascites

Answer 14

higher pressure in hepatic veins (i.e. from right atrium)

back pressure forces fluid into lyme

fluid leaks into the abdominal cavity

Question 15

function of bile

Answer 15

emulsify fats in the liver

Question 16

what produces bile? where is it stored? secreted by?

Answer 16

produced and secreted by liver

stored and concentrated in gall bladder

Question 17

components of Bile

Answer 17

bile acid
water and electrolytes
cholesterol and phospholipids (lecithin)
pigment

Question 18

pigment of bile due to

Answer 18

bilirubin

Question 19

bile acids

Answer 19

cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids via HEPATOCYTES

deoxycholic and lithocholic acid (via BACTERIA)

Question 20

bilirubin cycle

Answer 20

1. RBCs are destroyed by reticuloendothelial system – heme release
2. hemoglobin is phagocytized, split into heme and globin
3. heme goes into blood where it is converted to biliverdin
4. biliverdin converted to free bilirubin
5. free bilirubin is transported in blood via albumin to liver
6. liver conjugates bilirubin
7. conjugated bilirubin is sent into the intestine or urine

Question 21

transferrin

Answer 21

transportation of heme in blood

Question 22

heme oxygenase

Answer 22

converts heme to biliverdin

Question 23

first conversion during bilirubin formation

Answer 23

conversion of heme to biliverdin by heme oxygenase

Question 24

conjugated bilirubin is:

Answer 24

secreted into the intestine

excreted in urine

Question 25

what happens to bilirubin in small intestine

Answer 25

converted to urobilinogen by bacteria

Either:
oxidized to uroblin/sterocobiin and excreted in feces

or:
enters enterohepatic circulation and is sent back to liver and is recycled by liver and excreted in urine

Question 26

main symptoms of metabolic syndrome

Answer 26

obesity 
insulin resistance 
fasting hyperglycemia 
increased lipid triglycerides 
decreased HDL 
hypertension