Biological Sciences 24

Question 1

pre ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are associated where

Answer 1

paravertebral chain ganglia

synaptic trunk

Question 2

what attaches the chain ganglia to the spinal nerves

Answer 2

grey and white rami

Question 3

which type of fiber passes thru the white rami

Answer 3

preganglionic sympathetic neuron

Question 4

which sympathetic fiber is myelinated ?

Answer 4

preganglionic are myelinated

postganglionic are unmyelinated

Question 5

Which rami do post ganglionic sympathetic fibers?

Answer 5

gray rami

allows them to reenter spinal nerves to go to skin

Question 6

what does post ganglionic sympathetic fibers control?

Answer 6

blood vessels
sweat glands
piloerector muscles

Question 7

splanchnic nerves

Answer 7

composed of pre-ganglionic fibers and visceral sensory fibers

myelinated

supply abdominal viscera

synapse in pre vertebral ganglia

Question 8

where do splanchnic nerves synapse

Answer 8

pre vertebral ganglia

Question 9

greater splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

Answer 9

T5-T9

synapses in celiac ganglion

Question 10

lesser splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

Answer 10

T10-T11

synapses in superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 11

Least splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

Answer 11

T12

synapses in aorticorenal ganglion

Question 12

which nerve carries most of parasympathetic fibers?

Answer 12

vagus n.

CN 10

Question 13

where to parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?

Answer 13

at the organ to be innervated

often ganglia are found in walls of organ

Question 14

post ganglionic parasympathtetic fibers

Answer 14

are located on wall of organ

use Ach as neurotransmitter

Question 15

what are the main nerves that supply parasympathetics to the body

Answer 15

Oculomotor
Facial
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal

(III, VII, IX, X)

Question 16

functions of oculomotor nerves

Answer 16

supplies 4 of 6 extrinsic muscles of eye and levator palpebral superioris

Question 17

preganglionics of oculomotor n.

Answer 17

from edinger westphal nucleus to ciliary ganglion

Question 18

post ganglionic of oculomotor n.

Answer 18

from ciliary ganglion to sphincter pupillae muscle

Question 19

Functions of facial n.

Answer 19

muscles of facial expression

taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Question 20

preganglionics of facial n.

Answer 20

from superior salivary and lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia

Question 21

postganglionic of facial n.

Answer 21

to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, mucous glands of mouth and nose

Question 22

glossopharyngeal n. function

Answer 22

carries general sensation

sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue of tongue

Question 23

preganglionic of glossopharyngeal n.

Answer 23

from inferior salivary nucleus to otic ganglion

Question 24

postganglionic of glossopharyngeal

Answer 24

post ganglionics to parotid gland

Question 25

vagus n. function

Answer 25

motor supply to muscles of 4 and 6 pharyngeal arches important in swallowing, speaking

Question 26

which n. is the major parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal organs

Answer 26

vagus n.

Question 27

preganglionics of vagus n.

Answer 27

from dorsal motor nucleus

Question 28

postganglionics of vagus n.

Answer 28

from dorsal motor nucleus

Question 29

post ganglionic of vagus n.

Answer 29

myenteric plexus of wall of gut tube @ left colic flexure

Question 30

Course of the vagus n.

Answer 30

runs parallel to esophagus (innervates it) passes posterior to root of lung (both sides) pierces diaphragm with esophagus becomes gastric n. supplies viscera in thoracic cavity

Question 31

norepinephrine synthesis

Answer 31

hydroxylation of tyrosine dopa

Question 32

epinephrine

Answer 32

norepinephrine is methylated to form epinephrine

Question 33

neurotransmitters of parasympathetic

Answer 33

epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine

Question 34

mechanisms of removal of norepinephrine

Answer 34

reuptake diffusion destruction by monamine oxidase destruction by COMT

Question 35

monamine oxidase

Answer 35

found in nerve endings destroys norephineprine

Question 36

COMT

Answer 36

breaks down norepinephrine in the blood

Question 37

muscarinic receptors

Answer 37

found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

Question 38

nicotinic receptors

Answer 38

autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglioniic and post ganglionic neurons present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles

Question 39

types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 39

``` alpha 1 alpha 2 beta 1 beta 2 beta 3 ```

Question 40

what type of receptors does epinephrine exited

Answer 40

both alpha and beta

Question 41

norepinephrine/epinephrin is active for ____ when secreted into tissues but when secreted into blood it is active ____

Answer 41

few seconds in tissue in blood it stays until destroyed by COMT

Question 42

types of acetylcholine receptors

Answer 42

muscarinic nicotinic (cholinergic receptors)

Question 43

what type of receptors are activated by norepinephrine

Answer 43

alpha receptors

Question 44

beta3

Answer 44

thermogenesis

Question 45

sympathomimetic drugs

Answer 45

``` norepinephrine epinephrine methoxamine phenylephrine (alpha r.) isoproterenol (beta r.) albuterol (beta 2 r. ) ```

Question 46

drugs that cause the release of norepinephrine

Answer 46

ephedrine tyramine amphetamine

Question 47

drugs that block adrenergic activity

Answer 47

* Reserpine * Guanethidine * Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine * Propranolol * Metoprolol * Hexamethonium

Question 48

• Reserpine

Answer 48

• Blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine

Question 49

• Guanethidine

Answer 49

• Blocks release of norepinephrine

Question 50

• Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine

Answer 50

• Block sympathetic alpha receptors

Question 51

• Propranolol

Answer 51

• Blocks sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors

Question 52

• Metoprolol

Answer 52

• Blocks mostly sympathetic beta1 receptors

Question 53

Hexamethonium

Answer 53

• Blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia

Question 54

Parasympathomimetic drugs

Answer 54

* Not rapidly destroyed by cholinesterase * Include pilocarpine and methacholine * Act directly on muscarinic receptors *cholinergic effector organs*

Question 55

Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase:

Answer 55

* Neostigmine * Pyridostigmine * Ambenonium

Question 56

Drugs that block cholinergic activity

Answer 56

* Atropine * Homatropine * Scopolamine