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MCAT > Biological Sciences 24 > Flashcards

Biological Sciences 24 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

pre ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are associated where

A

paravertebral chain ganglia

synaptic trunk

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2
Q

what attaches the chain ganglia to the spinal nerves

A

grey and white rami

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3
Q

which type of fiber passes thru the white rami

A

preganglionic sympathetic neuron

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4
Q

which sympathetic fiber is myelinated ?

A

preganglionic are myelinated

postganglionic are unmyelinated

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5
Q

Which rami do post ganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

gray rami

allows them to reenter spinal nerves to go to skin

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6
Q

what does post ganglionic sympathetic fibers control?

A

blood vessels
sweat glands
piloerector muscles

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7
Q

splanchnic nerves

A

composed of pre-ganglionic fibers and visceral sensory fibers

myelinated

supply abdominal viscera

synapse in pre vertebral ganglia

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8
Q

where do splanchnic nerves synapse

A

pre vertebral ganglia

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9
Q

greater splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

A

T5-T9

synapses in celiac ganglion

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10
Q

lesser splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

A

T10-T11

synapses in superior mesenteric ganglion

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11
Q

Least splanchnic nerves

spinal nerves
synapse:

A

T12

synapses in aorticorenal ganglion

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12
Q

which nerve carries most of parasympathetic fibers?

A

vagus n.

CN 10

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13
Q

where to parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?

A

at the organ to be innervated

often ganglia are found in walls of organ

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14
Q

post ganglionic parasympathtetic fibers

A

are located on wall of organ

use Ach as neurotransmitter

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15
Q

what are the main nerves that supply parasympathetics to the body

A

Oculomotor
Facial
Vagus
Glossopharyngeal

(III, VII, IX, X)

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16
Q

functions of oculomotor nerves

A

supplies 4 of 6 extrinsic muscles of eye and levator palpebral superioris

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17
Q

preganglionics of oculomotor n.

A

from edinger westphal nucleus to ciliary ganglion

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18
Q

post ganglionic of oculomotor n.

A

from ciliary ganglion to sphincter pupillae muscle

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19
Q

Functions of facial n.

A

muscles of facial expression

taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

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20
Q

preganglionics of facial n.

A

from superior salivary and lacrimal nuclei to submandibular/sublingual ganglia

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21
Q

postganglionic of facial n.

A

to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, mucous glands of mouth and nose

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22
Q

glossopharyngeal n. function

A

carries general sensation

sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue of tongue

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23
Q

preganglionic of glossopharyngeal n.

A

from inferior salivary nucleus to otic ganglion

24
Q

postganglionic of glossopharyngeal

A

post ganglionics to parotid gland

25
Q

vagus n. function

A

motor supply to muscles of 4 and 6 pharyngeal arches

important in swallowing, speaking

26
Q

which n. is the major parasympathetic supply to thoracic and abdominal organs

A

vagus n.

27
Q

preganglionics of vagus n.

A

from dorsal motor nucleus

28
Q

postganglionics of vagus n.

A

from dorsal motor nucleus

29
Q

post ganglionic of vagus n.

A

myenteric plexus of wall of gut tube

@ left colic flexure

30
Q

Course of the vagus n.

A

runs parallel to esophagus (innervates it)
passes posterior to root of lung (both sides)
pierces diaphragm with esophagus
becomes gastric n.
supplies viscera in thoracic cavity

31
Q

norepinephrine synthesis

A

hydroxylation of tyrosine dopa

32
Q

epinephrine

A

norepinephrine is methylated to form epinephrine

33
Q

neurotransmitters of parasympathetic

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine

34
Q

mechanisms of removal of norepinephrine

A

reuptake
diffusion
destruction by monamine oxidase
destruction by COMT

35
Q

monamine oxidase

A

found in nerve endings

destroys norephineprine

36
Q

COMT

A

breaks down norepinephrine in the blood

37
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons

38
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglioniic and post ganglionic neurons

present in neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscles

39
Q

types of adrenergic receptors

A 
alpha 1
alpha 2 
beta 1 
beta 2 
beta 3
40
Q

what type of receptors does epinephrine exited

A

both alpha and beta

41
Q

norepinephrine/epinephrin is active for ____ when secreted into tissues but when secreted into blood it is active ____

A

few seconds in tissue

in blood it stays until destroyed by COMT

42
Q

types of acetylcholine receptors

A

muscarinic
nicotinic

(cholinergic receptors)

43
Q

what type of receptors are activated by norepinephrine

A

alpha receptors

44
Q

beta3

A

thermogenesis

45
Q

sympathomimetic drugs

A 
norepinephrine 
epinephrine 
methoxamine 
phenylephrine (alpha r.) 
isoproterenol (beta r.) 
albuterol (beta 2 r. )
46
Q

drugs that cause the release of norepinephrine

A

ephedrine
tyramine
amphetamine

47
Q

drugs that block adrenergic activity

A
  • Reserpine
  • Guanethidine
  • Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine
  • Propranolol
  • Metoprolol
  • Hexamethonium
48
Q

• Reserpine

A

• Blocks synthesis and storage of norepinephrine

49
Q

• Guanethidine

A

• Blocks release of norepinephrine

50
Q

• Phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine

A

• Block sympathetic alpha receptors

51
Q

• Propranolol

A

• Blocks sympathetic beta1 and beta2 receptors

52
Q

• Metoprolol

A

• Blocks mostly sympathetic beta1 receptors

53
Q

Hexamethonium

A

• Blocks transmission through autonomic ganglia

54
Q

Parasympathomimetic drugs

A
  • Not rapidly destroyed by cholinesterase
  • Include pilocarpine and methacholine
  • Act directly on muscarinic receptors

cholinergic effector organs

55
Q

Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase:

A
  • Neostigmine
  • Pyridostigmine
  • Ambenonium
56
Q

Drugs that block cholinergic activity

A
  • Atropine
  • Homatropine
  • Scopolamine

MCAT (10 decks)

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