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Challenge B/1 > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A

The method of making new discoveries.

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2
Q

Observation

A

The gathering of information.

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3
Q

Qualitative Observation

A

An observation about the quality of something. (hot, heavy, rough, etc.)

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4
Q

Quantitative Observation

A

An observation about the strength of a quality of something.(66 degrees Fahrenheit, 5cm, etc.)

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A possible, testable explanation for an observation.

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6
Q

Experiment

A

A way of testing a hypothesis.

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7
Q

Controlled Experiment

A

An experiment in which all variables are carefully controlled.

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8
Q

Variable

A

A factor that changes an experiment.

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

A single variable which is intentionally changed.

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

A variable which varies depending on the value of the independent variable.

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11
Q

Scientific Theory

A

A set of hypotheses that explain a type of natural phenomenon

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12
Q

Scientific Law

A

A prediction/description of a natural phenomenon

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13
Q

Inference

A

A logical conclusion based on indirect evidence.

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14
Q

Scientific Model

A

A simplified version of an abstract or unobservable object or theory. Generally visual.

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15
Q

Unit

A

A set method of recording a measurement.

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16
Q

Metric System (SI)

A

The international system of measurement.

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17
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter something has.

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18
Q

Gram

A

The SI unit of mass

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19
Q

Meter

A

The SI unit of length

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20
Q

Liter

A

The SI unit of volume.

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21
Q

Factor-Label Method

A

A method of unit conversion.

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22
Q

Extrapolation

A

A logical method of gaining extra information from a graph.

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23
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and volume

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24
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance and contains only one kind of atom.

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25
Q

Atom

A

The smallest chemical unit of an element.

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26
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance that contains two or more elements chemically joined in a fixed proportion.

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27
Q

Molecule

A

The smallest unit of a chemical compound, composed of two or more atoms bonded together.

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28
Q

Mixture

A

Two or more substances mixed together but not chemically bonded.

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29
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous mixture made by dissolving on substance in another.

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30
Q

Solute

A

The substance in a solution that gets dissolved.

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31
Q

Solvent

A

The substance in a solution that dissolves the other substance

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32
Q

Solid

A

The state of matter in which a substance has definite shape and volume.

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33
Q

Liquid

A

The state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume.

34
Q

Gas

A

The state of matter in which a substance has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

35
Q

Density

A

The ratio of a substance’s mass to its volume; defined by the equation: D = m/v

36
Q

Diffusion

A

The natural movement within gases and liquids that spreads out particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

37
Q

Law of Conservation of Mass

A

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change forms.

38
Q

Law of Constant Composition

A

Samples of a pure compound always have the same elements in the same mass proportion.

39
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an atom.

40
Q

Mass Number

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

41
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

42
Q

Orbitals

A

A region of space around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.

43
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atom of an element.

44
Q

Chemical Formula

A

A notation indicating the elements in a compound and the ratios of the atoms of each element.

45
Q

Reactants

A

Substances that undergo a chemical change.

46
Q

Products

A

New substances formed as a result of a chemical change.

47
Q

Coefficients.

A

Numbers that appear before a formula in a chemical equation to show how many atoms or molecules of each reactant or product are involved in the reaction.

48
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A force of attraction between atoms or groups of atoms.

49
Q

Ion

A

An atom or a group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

50
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond formed between oppositely charged ions.

51
Q

Covalent Bond

A

A chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

52
Q

Polar Molecule

A

A molecule that has slight positive and negative charges due to an imbalance in the way electrons are shared.

53
Q

Cohesion

A

The force of attraction between molecules of the same substance so that they tend to stand together.

54
Q

Adhesion

A

The force of attraction between molecules of different substances so that they tend to stick together.

55
Q

Binary Compound

A

Compounds made of only two elements.

56
Q

Polyatomic Ion

A

A covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and acts as a unit.

57
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to form a single compound.

58
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

59
Q

Single Replacement Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound.

60
Q

Double Replacement Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two compounds exchange positive ions and form new compounds.

61
Q

Combustion Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, often producing heat and light.

62
Q

Chemical Energy

A

The energy stored in chemical bonds.

63
Q

Mole

A

An amount of a substance that contains approximately 6.02*10^23 particles of the substance.

64
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings.

65
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings.

66
Q

Reference Point

A

A point against which a direction is measured.

67
Q

Displacement

A

The distance an object travels plus the direction from the starting point.

68
Q

Vector Quantity

A

A physical measurement that contains both magnitude and directional information.

69
Q

Scalar Quantity

A

A physical measurement that contains only magnitude information.

70
Q

Average Speed

A

The ratio of the total distance traveled to the total time of the trip.

71
Q

Instantaneous Speed

A

The rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time.

72
Q

Acceleration

A

The time rate of change of an object’s velocity.

73
Q

Force

A

A push or pull that acts on an object.

74
Q

Friction

A

A force that results when surfaces of objects rub against each other and opposes motion.

75
Q

Static Friction

A

Friction that opposes the initiation of motion.

76
Q

Kinetic Friction

A

Friction that opposes motion once the motion has already started.

77
Q

Free Fall

A

The motion of an object when it is falling solely under the influence of gravity.

78
Q

Inertia

A

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its velocity.

79
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

An object in motion/rest will stay in motion/rest until it is acted upon by an outside force.

80
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

When an object is acted on by one or more unbalanced forces, the net force is equal to the mass of the object times the resulting action.

81
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

For every action, their is an equal and opposite reaction.

Challenge B/1 (8 decks)

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