Logic Vocabulary Flashcards
Define Logic
The science and art of reasoning well.
Define The Law of Excluded Middle
Any statement is either true or false.
Define The Law of Identity
If a statement is true, then it is true.
Define The Law of Noncontradiction
A statement cannot be both true and false.
Define Formal Logic
Deals with proper modes of reasoning
Define Informal Logic
Deals with operations of thinking that are
indirectly related to reasoning.
Define Induction
Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general
rules
Define Deduction
Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions
Define Categorial Logic
Deals with the syllogism, which is a type of deductive argument in which
the conclusion connects one category (or term) with another,
hence the name catergorial logic.
Define Reasoning
Drawing proper conclusions from other information.
Define Propositional Logic
Connects entire propositions together in arguments
Define Term
A concept that is expressed precisely in words.
Define Definition
A statement that gives the meaning of a term.
Define Ambiguous
Having more than one definition.
Define Vague Word
A word who’s extent is unclear
Define Precising Definition
Seeks to make more presice what was previously
vague or fuzzy.
Define Stipulative Definition
Increases the vocabulary of the language
to which it is added
Define Theoretical Definition
A theory about the term being defined.
Define Persuasive Definition
An attempt at persuading the listener one way or
another toward the term being defined.
Define Lexical Definition
Shows relationships or reduces ambiguity by providing a single,
established meaning of a term.
Define Genus
A term that is more
general, broad, or abstract than the original term
and includes it.
Define Species
A term that is more specific, narrow or concrete
than the original term and is included by it.
Define genus and species hierarchy
The relationship between genus and species,
with genus placed above species on a chart.
Define mutually exclusive
Two species that are mutally exclusive do not overlap
A term cannot be both at the same time.
Define Exhaustive
A group of species containing all species of a genus.
Define Extension
The sum of all individual objects described
by a term.
Define Intension
The sum of all the common attributes
denoted by a term.
Define Defining by synonym
Giving a synonym of the term being defined.
Define Defining by Example
Giving an example of the term being defined.
Defining by genus and difference
Giving the genus and intensions of the term being defined.
Name six rules for defining by genus and difference
A definition should:
1) state the essential attributes of the term
2) not be circular
3) not be too broad or too narrow
4) not be unclear of figurative
5) be stated positively if possible
6) be the same part of speech as the term
Define Statement
A sentence that is either true or false
Define Self-report
As statement by a person concerning
his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings.
Define Self-supporting statement
A statement whose truth value can be
determined from the statement
itself.
Define supported statement
A statement whose truth value depends on
evidence or information outside
itself
Define tautology
A statement that is true by logical stucture.
Define self-contradiction
A statement that is false due to its logical structure.
Define Authority
Known understanding of a subject
Define Experience
Knowledge gained through personal senses.
Define deduction
Reasoning with certainty from
premises to conclusions.
Define Consistent
Able to be true at the same time
Define Inconsistent
Unable to be true at the same time.
Define Implication
Being required to be true for another statement to be true
Define Logically Equivalent
Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply each other
Define Independent
Two statements are independant if the truth
value of one does not effect that of the other.
Define Disagreement
An appearance of inconsistency.
Define Real Disagreement
Actual inconsistency between two statements.
Define Apparent Disagreement
A difference of opinion or perception.
Define Verbal Disagreement
A misunderstanding due to differing definitions
for one or more words.
Define Categorical Statement
A statement that confirms or denies something about
a given subject.
Define Subject
The term being described, or about which something is asserted.
Define Predicate
The term that describes or asserts something
about the subject.
Define Quantity
The scope of the claim about the extension of the subject.
universal or partial
Define Quality
The affirmative or negative nature of a claim about the subject.
What is the square of opposition?
A diagram of the basic relationships between Categorical Statements
with the same subject and predicate.
What is an A statement?
A universal affirmative statement.
What is an E statement?
A universal negative statement
What is an E statement?
A universal negative statement
What is an I statement?
A particular affirmative statement
What is an O statement?
A particular negative statement
Define Contradiction
Having opposite truth values
Define Contrary
Unable to be true at the same time.
Define Subcontrary
Unable to be false at the same time.
Define Subimplication
The relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular.
Define Superimplication
The relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal.
Define Argument
A set of statements, one of which appears to
be implied or supported by the others.
Define Premises
The two statements other than the conclusion
Define Conclusion
The statement that appears to be implied by the other
statements in an argument.
Define Categorial Syllogism
A syllogism consisting of three statements in categorical form.
Define Minor Term
The subject of the conclusion also used in one premises.
Define Major Term
The predicate of the conclusion also used in one premise
Define Middle Term
The term found once in each premise.
Define Major Premise
The premise containing the major term
Define Minor Premise
The premise containing the minor term.
Define Schema
A representation of a syllogism, having statements in standard order with standard abbreviations of its terms.
Define Mood
A three letter description of a categorical
syllogism when the statements are arranged in standard form.
Define Figure
The arrangement of terms.
Define Form
The mood and figure of a syllogism.
Define Valid
An arguement is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises.
Define Invalid
Illogical
When dealing with sylogisms
Define Sound
Logically valid and factually true.
Define Counter Example
A second syllogism with the same form that shows the first to be invalid.
Define Distributed Term
A term which represnts all members of its category
Define Fallacy of Undistributed Middle
Lack of any distribution of the middle term within both premises.
Define Fallacy of Illicit Major
Where the major term is distributed in the conclusion but not in its premise.
Define Fallacy of Illicit Minor
Where the minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not in its premise.
Define Fallacy of Two Negative Premises
Where the syllogism has two negative premises
Define Fallacy of Negative Premise and Affirmative Conclusion
Having an affirmative conclusion with at least one negative premise
Define Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion
Having two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion.
Define Immediate Inference
A statement that can inferred directly from another statement
Define Converse
A statement whose subject and predicate have been reversed. It is only valid for E and I statements.
Define Obverse
A statement of the opposite quality with a negated predicate.
Define Complement
The set of all terms not included in the given term.
Define Contrapositive
A statement whose subject and predicate have been switched and negated.
Define Singular Statement
Refers to a single person or thing.
Define Indefinite Statement
A statement whose quantity is unclear
Define Hypothetical Statement
A statement that affirms an outcome if a condition is met
Define Enthymeme
A syllogism with one assumed statement
Define Hypothetical
A statement that affirms an outcome if a condition is met.
Define Antecedent
The condition that must be met.
Define Consequent
The outcome that will occur if a condition is met.
Define Pure Hypothetical Syllogism
An argument that uses only hypothetical statements.
Define Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism
An arguement that uses both hypothetical and categorical statements.
Define Modus Ponens
Affirming the antecedent
Define Modus Tollens
Denying the consequent
Define Affirming the Consequent
Affirming the consequent to prove the antecedent
Define Denying the Antecedent
Denying the antecedent to disprove the consequent
Define Informal Fallacy
A popular but invalid form of argument.
Define Fallacy of Distraction
An Argument that points to information that is irrelevent to the conclusion.
Define Ipse Dixit
Faulty appeal to authority.
Define Ad Populum
Appeal to the people
Define Ad baculum
Appeal to force
Define Ad Hominem
Attacking the opponent
Define Bulverism
Appeal to origins
Define Tu Quoque
Appeal to difference in argument and behavior.
Define Ad Ignorantiam
Proof by lack of evidence
Define Chronological Snobbery
Appeal to time
Define Fallacy of Ambiguity
Arguments that change the meanings or importance of terms in an argument.
Define Equivocation
Changing the meaning of a word mid-arguement.
Accent
Changes the emphasis of certain words mid-arguement
Define Amphiboly
Vagueness of grammar within an arguement.
Define Compositition
Assuming what is true for part of a term is true for all of it.
Define Division
Assuming what is true for the whole of something is true for all parts of it.
Define Fallacy of Form
Weakness of structure
Define Circular Reasoning
Assuming that which you are trying to prove.
Define Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Assuming sequence in time implies cause-and-effect
Define Either/Or
Assuming there are only two options.
Define Complex Question
Assumes an answer to an unasked question
Define Apriorism
Hasty generalization
Define Proposition
A statement
Define Propositional Logic
A branch of formal, deductive logic in which the basic unit of thought is the proposition.
Define Truth Functional Proposition
A proposition whose truth value depends of the truth values of its component parts
Define Simple Proposition
A proposition that has only one component part.
Define Complex Proposition
A proposition that has more than one component part.
Define Logical Operator
Words that combine or modify simple propositions to make compound propositions
Define Propositional Constant
An uppercase letter that represents a single, given proposition
Define Propositional Variable
A lowercase letter that represents any proposition
Define Negation
A logical operator that denies or contradicts a proposition.
Define Truth Table
A listing of the possible truth values for a set of one or more propositions
Define Defining Truth Table
Displays the truth values produced by a logical operator modifying a minimum number of variables
Define Conjunction
A logical operator that joins two propositions and is true only if both the propositions(conjuncts) are true
Define Disjunction
A logical operator that is true if and only if at least one of the propositions(disjuncts) are true
Define Exclusive “Or”
Allows for either of two propositions but not both.
Define Inclusive “Or”
Allows for one or both of two propositions
Define Truth Value
The truthfulness/falsity of a given statement
Define Conditional
A logical operator that asserts that one component(antecedent) implies the other(consequent)
Define Biconditional
A logical operator that is true only when both propositions have the same truth value
Define Tautology
A proposition that is true due to its logical structure
Define Self-Contradiction
A proposition that is false due to its logical structure
Define Valid
An argument is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises
Define Consistent
Able to be true at the same time
Define Inconsistent
Unable to be true at the same time.
Define Equivalence
Having the same truth values.
Define Dilemma
An argument which presents a choice between two conditionals.
Define Going between the horns
Providing a third alternative to a dilemma.
Define Grasping the Horns
Rejecting one of the conditionals of a dilemma
Define Rebutting the Horns
Providing a counter Dilemma
Define Formal Proofs of Validity
A step-by-step deduction of a conclusion from a set of premises
Define Rule of Inference
A valid argument form which can be used to justify steps in a proof.
