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Challenge B/1 > Logic Vocabulary > Flashcards

Logic Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Define Logic

A

The science and art of reasoning well.

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2
Q

Define The Law of Excluded Middle

A

Any statement is either true or false.

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3
Q

Define The Law of Identity

A

If a statement is true, then it is true.

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4
Q

Define The Law of Noncontradiction

A

A statement cannot be both true and false.

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5
Q

Define Formal Logic

A

Deals with proper modes of reasoning

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6
Q

Define Informal Logic

A

Deals with operations of thinking that are

indirectly related to reasoning.

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7
Q

Define Induction

A

Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general
rules

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8
Q

Define Deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions

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9
Q

Define Categorial Logic

A

Deals with the syllogism, which is a type of deductive argument in which
the conclusion connects one category (or term) with another,
hence the name catergorial logic.

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10
Q

Define Reasoning

A

Drawing proper conclusions from other information.

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11
Q

Define Propositional Logic

A

Connects entire propositions together in arguments

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12
Q

Define Term

A

A concept that is expressed precisely in words.

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13
Q

Define Definition

A

A statement that gives the meaning of a term.

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14
Q

Define Ambiguous

A

Having more than one definition.

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15
Q

Define Vague Word

A

A word who’s extent is unclear

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16
Q

Define Precising Definition

A

Seeks to make more presice what was previously

vague or fuzzy.

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17
Q

Define Stipulative Definition

A

Increases the vocabulary of the language

to which it is added

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18
Q

Define Theoretical Definition

A

A theory about the term being defined.

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19
Q

Define Persuasive Definition

A

An attempt at persuading the listener one way or

another toward the term being defined.

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20
Q

Define Lexical Definition

A

Shows relationships or reduces ambiguity by providing a single,
established meaning of a term.

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21
Q

Define Genus

A

A term that is more
general, broad, or abstract than the original term
and includes it.

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22
Q

Define Species

A

A term that is more specific, narrow or concrete

than the original term and is included by it.

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23
Q

Define genus and species hierarchy

A

The relationship between genus and species,

with genus placed above species on a chart.

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24
Q

Define mutually exclusive

A

Two species that are mutally exclusive do not overlap

A term cannot be both at the same time.

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25
Q

Define Exhaustive

A

A group of species containing all species of a genus.

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26
Q

Define Extension

A

The sum of all individual objects described

by a term.

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27
Q

Define Intension

A

The sum of all the common attributes

denoted by a term.

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28
Q

Define Defining by synonym

A

Giving a synonym of the term being defined.

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29
Q

Define Defining by Example

A

Giving an example of the term being defined.

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30
Q

Defining by genus and difference

A

Giving the genus and intensions of the term being defined.

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31
Q

Name six rules for defining by genus and difference

A

A definition should:

1) state the essential attributes of the term
2) not be circular
3) not be too broad or too narrow
4) not be unclear of figurative
5) be stated positively if possible
6) be the same part of speech as the term

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32
Q

Define Statement

A

A sentence that is either true or false

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33
Q

Define Self-report

A

As statement by a person concerning

his or her own desires, beliefs, or feelings.

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34
Q

Define Self-supporting statement

A

A statement whose truth value can be
determined from the statement
itself.

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35
Q

Define supported statement

A

A statement whose truth value depends on
evidence or information outside
itself

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36
Q

Define tautology

A

A statement that is true by logical stucture.

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37
Q

Define self-contradiction

A

A statement that is false due to its logical structure.

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38
Q

Define Authority

A

Known understanding of a subject

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39
Q

Define Experience

A

Knowledge gained through personal senses.

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40
Q

Define deduction

A

Reasoning with certainty from

premises to conclusions.

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41
Q

Define Consistent

A

Able to be true at the same time

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42
Q

Define Inconsistent

A

Unable to be true at the same time.

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43
Q

Define Implication

A

Being required to be true for another statement to be true

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44
Q

Define Logically Equivalent

A

Two statements are logically equivalent if they imply each other

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45
Q

Define Independent

A

Two statements are independant if the truth

value of one does not effect that of the other.

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46
Q

Define Disagreement

A

An appearance of inconsistency.

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47
Q

Define Real Disagreement

A

Actual inconsistency between two statements.

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48
Q

Define Apparent Disagreement

A

A difference of opinion or perception.

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49
Q

Define Verbal Disagreement

A

A misunderstanding due to differing definitions

for one or more words.

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50
Q

Define Categorical Statement

A

A statement that confirms or denies something about

a given subject.

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51
Q

Define Subject

A

The term being described, or about which something is asserted.

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52
Q

Define Predicate

A

The term that describes or asserts something

about the subject.

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53
Q

Define Quantity

A

The scope of the claim about the extension of the subject.

universal or partial

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54
Q

Define Quality

A

The affirmative or negative nature of a claim about the subject.

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55
Q

What is the square of opposition?

A

A diagram of the basic relationships between Categorical Statements
with the same subject and predicate.

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56
Q

What is an A statement?

A

A universal affirmative statement.

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57
Q

What is an E statement?

A

A universal negative statement

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57
Q

What is an E statement?

A

A universal negative statement

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58
Q

What is an I statement?

A

A particular affirmative statement

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59
Q

What is an O statement?

A

A particular negative statement

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60
Q

Define Contradiction

A

Having opposite truth values

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61
Q

Define Contrary

A

Unable to be true at the same time.

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62
Q

Define Subcontrary

A

Unable to be false at the same time.

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63
Q

Define Subimplication

A

The relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular.

64
Q

Define Superimplication

A

The relationship between a universal and particular statement of the same quality, in which the falsity of the particular necessitates the falsity of the universal.

65
Q

Define Argument

A

A set of statements, one of which appears to

be implied or supported by the others.

66
Q

Define Premises

A

The two statements other than the conclusion

67
Q

Define Conclusion

A

The statement that appears to be implied by the other

statements in an argument.

68
Q

Define Categorial Syllogism

A

A syllogism consisting of three statements in categorical form.

69
Q

Define Minor Term

A

The subject of the conclusion also used in one premises.

70
Q

Define Major Term

A

The predicate of the conclusion also used in one premise

71
Q

Define Middle Term

A

The term found once in each premise.

72
Q

Define Major Premise

A

The premise containing the major term

73
Q

Define Minor Premise

A

The premise containing the minor term.

74
Q

Define Schema

A

A representation of a syllogism, having statements in standard order with standard abbreviations of its terms.

75
Q

Define Mood

A

A three letter description of a categorical
syllogism when the statements are arranged in standard form.

76
Q

Define Figure

A

The arrangement of terms.

77
Q

Define Form

A

The mood and figure of a syllogism.

78
Q

Define Valid

A

An arguement is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises.

79
Q

Define Invalid

A

Illogical

When dealing with sylogisms

80
Q

Define Sound

A

Logically valid and factually true.

81
Q

Define Counter Example

A

A second syllogism with the same form that shows the first to be invalid.

82
Q

Define Distributed Term

A

A term which represnts all members of its category

83
Q

Define Fallacy of Undistributed Middle

A

Lack of any distribution of the middle term within both premises.

84
Q

Define Fallacy of Illicit Major

A

Where the major term is distributed in the conclusion but not in its premise.

85
Q

Define Fallacy of Illicit Minor

A

Where the minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not in its premise.

86
Q

Define Fallacy of Two Negative Premises

A

Where the syllogism has two negative premises

87
Q

Define Fallacy of Negative Premise and Affirmative Conclusion

A

Having an affirmative conclusion with at least one negative premise

88
Q

Define Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion

A

Having two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion.

89
Q

Define Immediate Inference

A

A statement that can inferred directly from another statement

90
Q

Define Converse

A

A statement whose subject and predicate have been reversed. It is only valid for E and I statements.

91
Q

Define Obverse

A

A statement of the opposite quality with a negated predicate.

92
Q

Define Complement

A

The set of all terms not included in the given term.

93
Q

Define Contrapositive

A

A statement whose subject and predicate have been switched and negated.

94
Q

Define Singular Statement

A

Refers to a single person or thing.

95
Q

Define Indefinite Statement

A

A statement whose quantity is unclear

96
Q

Define Hypothetical Statement

A

A statement that affirms an outcome if a condition is met

97
Q

Define Enthymeme

A

A syllogism with one assumed statement

98
Q

Define Hypothetical

A

A statement that affirms an outcome if a condition is met.

99
Q

Define Antecedent

A

The condition that must be met.

100
Q

Define Consequent

A

The outcome that will occur if a condition is met.

101
Q

Define Pure Hypothetical Syllogism

A

An argument that uses only hypothetical statements.

102
Q

Define Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism

A

An arguement that uses both hypothetical and categorical statements.

103
Q

Define Modus Ponens

A

Affirming the antecedent

104
Q

Define Modus Tollens

A

Denying the consequent

105
Q

Define Affirming the Consequent

A

Affirming the consequent to prove the antecedent

106
Q

Define Denying the Antecedent

A

Denying the antecedent to disprove the consequent

107
Q

Define Informal Fallacy

A

A popular but invalid form of argument.

108
Q

Define Fallacy of Distraction

A

An Argument that points to information that is irrelevent to the conclusion.

109
Q

Define Ipse Dixit

A

Faulty appeal to authority.

110
Q

Define Ad Populum

A

Appeal to the people

111
Q

Define Ad baculum

A

Appeal to force

112
Q

Define Ad Hominem

A

Attacking the opponent

113
Q

Define Bulverism

A

Appeal to origins

114
Q

Define Tu Quoque

A

Appeal to difference in argument and behavior.

115
Q

Define Ad Ignorantiam

A

Proof by lack of evidence

116
Q

Define Chronological Snobbery

A

Appeal to time

117
Q

Define Fallacy of Ambiguity

A

Arguments that change the meanings or importance of terms in an argument.

118
Q

Define Equivocation

A

Changing the meaning of a word mid-arguement.

119
Q

Accent

A

Changes the emphasis of certain words mid-arguement

120
Q

Define Amphiboly

A

Vagueness of grammar within an arguement.

121
Q

Define Compositition

A

Assuming what is true for part of a term is true for all of it.

122
Q

Define Division

A

Assuming what is true for the whole of something is true for all parts of it.

123
Q

Define Fallacy of Form

A

Weakness of structure

124
Q

Define Circular Reasoning

A

Assuming that which you are trying to prove.

125
Q

Define Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

A

Assuming sequence in time implies cause-and-effect

126
Q

Define Either/Or

A

Assuming there are only two options.

127
Q

Define Complex Question

A

Assumes an answer to an unasked question

128
Q

Define Apriorism

A

Hasty generalization

129
Q

Define Proposition

A

A statement

130
Q

Define Propositional Logic

A

A branch of formal, deductive logic in which the basic unit of thought is the proposition.

131
Q

Define Truth Functional Proposition

A

A proposition whose truth value depends of the truth values of its component parts

132
Q

Define Simple Proposition

A

A proposition that has only one component part.

133
Q

Define Complex Proposition

A

A proposition that has more than one component part.

134
Q

Define Logical Operator

A

Words that combine or modify simple propositions to make compound propositions

135
Q

Define Propositional Constant

A

An uppercase letter that represents a single, given proposition

136
Q

Define Propositional Variable

A

A lowercase letter that represents any proposition

137
Q

Define Negation

A

A logical operator that denies or contradicts a proposition.

138
Q

Define Truth Table

A

A listing of the possible truth values for a set of one or more propositions

139
Q

Define Defining Truth Table

A

Displays the truth values produced by a logical operator modifying a minimum number of variables

140
Q

Define Conjunction

A

A logical operator that joins two propositions and is true only if both the propositions(conjuncts) are true

141
Q

Define Disjunction

A

A logical operator that is true if and only if at least one of the propositions(disjuncts) are true

142
Q

Define Exclusive “Or”

A

Allows for either of two propositions but not both.

143
Q

Define Inclusive “Or”

A

Allows for one or both of two propositions

144
Q

Define Truth Value

A

The truthfulness/falsity of a given statement

145
Q

Define Conditional

A

A logical operator that asserts that one component(antecedent) implies the other(consequent)

146
Q

Define Biconditional

A

A logical operator that is true only when both propositions have the same truth value

147
Q

Define Tautology

A

A proposition that is true due to its logical structure

148
Q

Define Self-Contradiction

A

A proposition that is false due to its logical structure

149
Q

Define Valid

A

An argument is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises

150
Q

Define Consistent

A

Able to be true at the same time

151
Q

Define Inconsistent

A

Unable to be true at the same time.

152
Q

Define Equivalence

A

Having the same truth values.

153
Q

Define Dilemma

A

An argument which presents a choice between two conditionals.

154
Q

Define Going between the horns

A

Providing a third alternative to a dilemma.

155
Q

Define Grasping the Horns

A

Rejecting one of the conditionals of a dilemma

156
Q

Define Rebutting the Horns

A

Providing a counter Dilemma

157
Q

Define Formal Proofs of Validity

A

A step-by-step deduction of a conclusion from a set of premises

158
Q

Define Rule of Inference

A

A valid argument form which can be used to justify steps in a proof.

Challenge B/1 (8 decks)

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