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urinalysis 1 > physical properties > Flashcards

physical properties Flashcards

1
Q

list what the physical examination of urine includes

A

color, clarity, specific gravity

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2
Q

list possible causes of urine color change

A
  • normal metabolic functions
  • physical activity
  • ingested materials
  • pathological conditions
  • presence of bacteria
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3
Q

name the pigment that causes urine to be yellow

A

urochrome

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4
Q

describe urochrome

A
  • lipid soluble pigment
  • product of endogenous metabolism
  • produced/excreted at constant rate
  • production dependent on body’s metabolic state
  • darkens on light exposure
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5
Q

how does concentration effect urine color

A

more concentrated will be darker

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6
Q

true or false:
uroerythrin is a normal pink pigment of urine

A

true

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7
Q

describe uroerythrin

A
  • pink pigment
  • pigment attaches to urates to produce amorphous material
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8
Q

describe urobilin

A
  • low levels cause a brown orange color
  • oxidation product of urobilinogen
  • urobilinogen is normal part of urine (colorless)
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9
Q

describe a normal possible cause of orange-brown urine

A

presence of urobilin
- oxidation product of urobilinogen

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10
Q

describe an abnormal cause of dark yellow/amber/orange pigmented urine

A
  • bilirubin (yellow foam)
  • urobilin (photo OX [no yellow foam])
  • pyridium
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11
Q

describe a quick way to determine presence of bilirubin in urine

A

yellow foam when shaken

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12
Q

what does a white foam when urine is shaken indicate

A

presence of proteins

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13
Q

describe pyridium

A
  • drug that can cause orange urine
  • used to treat UTI
  • yellow foam when shaken
  • interferes with dipstick due to pigment
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14
Q

describe a test that differentiates bilirubin from pyridium in an orange urine

A

ictotest

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15
Q

describe causes of yellow-green urine (abnormal)

A
  • photo ox of bilirubin to biliverdin
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16
Q

describe possible causes of red/pink/brown urine color

A
  • blood (red)
  • ox of hemoglobin in acid urine (brown)
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17
Q

describe causes of red/pink/brown urine

A
  • hemoglobin and myoglobin cause red urine
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18
Q

true or false:
red blood cells produce a red and cloudy urine

A

true

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19
Q

describe how to differentiate presence of RBCs or hemoglobin in urine

A
  • both will be red and cloudy before being spun
  • after being spun RBCs will form a pellet
  • after being spun hgb will remain in supernatant
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20
Q

true or false:
hemoglobin and myoglobin both cause red and clear urine

A

true

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21
Q

how is hemoglobin and myoglobin differentiated

A

by comparing urine to plasma
- myoglobin plasma is clear
- hemoglobin plasma is red

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22
Q

what causes ‘port wine red’

A

oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

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23
Q

describe nonpathological causes of red/pink/brown urine

A
  • menstruation
  • pigmented foods
  • medication
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24
Q

describe what causes brown/black urine upon being left out

A
  • melanin
  • homogentisic acid
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25
Q

describe melanin in urine

A
  • causes brown/black coloration
  • produced in excess in malignant melanoma (brown/black color)
  • oxidation to melanogen
26
Q

describe homogentisic acid

A
  • metabolite of phenylalanine
  • produced from an inborn error of metabolism
  • when present called alkaptonuria
  • dark brown/black urine
27
Q

list medications that can cause brown/black urine

A
  • levodopa
  • phenol derivatives
  • metranidazole (antibacterial)
28
Q

describe bacteria that can cause green~blue urine

A

pseudomonas UTI

29
Q

describe bacteria that can cause blue urine

A

indican in intestinal tract infections
- tryptophan -> indole -> indican

30
Q

describe causes of purple urine

A
  • klebsiella, providencia spp
  • purple in catheter
31
Q

describe non bacterial causes of blue/green urine

A
  • medication
  • breath mint
  • phenol derivative medications
32
Q

specific gravity of colorless urine

A

low SG

33
Q

specific gravity of dark yellow urine

A

high SG

33
Q

bluish urine cause

A

indican -> bacterial infeciton

34
Q

orange/yellow - green/amber urine cause with yellow foam

A

bilirubin

34
Q

orange urine with yellow foam

A

pyridium

35
Q

greenish urine cause

A

bilirubin ox to biliverdin

36
Q

red urine possible causes

A
  • RBC (whole or lysed)
  • hemoglobin or myoglobin (plasma differentiate)
  • porphyrin
  • rifampin antibiotic
37
Q

brown urine causes

A
  • hemoglobin oxidized to methemoglobin
38
Q

describe a normal cause of turbid urine

A

precipitation of amorphous material

39
Q

list causes of non pathological turbid urine

A
  • specimen allowed to stand
  • refrigerated sample
  • squamous epithelial cells
  • mucus
  • crystals
  • semen
  • fecal
  • radiographic media
  • tulcum powder
  • medications
40
Q

describe most common causes of pathologic turbidity

A
  • RBC, WBC, bacteria
41
Q

describe less common causes for pathological turbidity

A
  • yeast
  • cells
  • abnormal crystals
  • lymph fluid
  • lipids
42
Q

if a urine is acidic, what will cause turbidity

A

amorphous urates, radiographic contrast media

43
Q

if urine is alkaline what may cause turbidity

A

amorphous phosphates, carbonates

44
Q

if the turbid material is soluble with heat, what may it be

A

amorphous urates or uric acid crystals

45
Q

if turbid urine is soluble in dilute acetic acid, what may cause it

A

RBCs, amorphous phosphates, carbonates (similar to alkaline)

46
Q

if material is insoluble in dilute acetic acid what may it be

A
  • WBC
  • bacteria
  • yeast
  • sperm
47
Q

if material is soluble in ether what may it be

A

lipids, lymphatic fluid, chyle

48
Q

define specific gravity

A

a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in a urine specimen

49
Q

what is specific gravity influenced by (important)

A

by the number of particles present and the size of the particles

50
Q

describe principle of refractometers

A

dissolved particles in a soln will change the velocity and angle of light that pass through the solution

51
Q

how does concentration impact refractometer reading

A

increases - increases angle that the light hits the scale

52
Q

list materials used for refractometer calibration

A
  • DI water - 1.000
  • 5% NaCl - 1.022
  • 9% sucrose - 1.034
53
Q

how does a pH of >6.5 impact strip reading

A

decrease reading results due to bromothymol blue indicator

54
Q

true or false:
reagent strips measure only ionic solutes

A

true

55
Q

define isosthenuric urine

A

specific gravity of 1.01

56
Q

define hyposthenuric urine

A

specific gravity <1.01

57
Q

define hypersthenuric urine

A

specific gravity >1.01

58
Q

random specimen specific gravity ranges

A

1.002-1.035

59
Q

describe what may cause abnormally high specific gravity results

A

intravenous injection

60
Q

how is urine diluted to retest for high specific gravity

A

1:2 with distilled water

urinalysis 1 (13 decks)

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