intro lecture Flashcards
urine percent compisition
95% water, 5% solutes
urea makes up ____ of total dissolved solids in urine
half
list 3 major organic substances in urine
- creatinine
- uric acid
- hippuric acid
list 3 major INorganic substances in urine
- chloride
- sodium
- potassium
define normal daily urine vol
1200-1500 mL
normal range: 600-2000 mL/day
define oliguria
decrease in normal daily urine
- vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, severe burns
define anuria
cessation of urine flow
- serous damage to kidney
- decrease in flow of blood to kidney
define nocturia
increase in nocturnal excretion of urine
define polyuria
increase in daily urine vol
what test can be run to determine if given fluid is urine, body fluid, water or synthetic
test for urea and creatinine
- both present in higher concentrations in urine than in other body fluids
list factors that can influence urine volume
- fluid intake
- fluid loss from non renal sources
- variations in secretions of ADH
- kindey needs to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids
describe urine presentation in diabetes mellitus
increased vol, increased specific gravity
describe urine presentation in diabetes insipidus
increased vol, decreased specific gravity
describe labelling process if there are multiple urine specimens from one patient
- one label on the container
- one label on the corresponding lid
- all tubes labeled
when would a urine be rejected
Improper labelling, wrong time, not 2 patient IDs, 2 different patients listed, improper transport, insufficient quantity
how many hours after collection should urine be tested within
2 hours
describe color changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- darkened
- oxidation or reduction of metabolites
describe clarity changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased clarity
- bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material
describe odor changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- increased -> NOT REPORTED
- multiplication of bacteria or bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia
describe pH changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- increased (alkaline)
- breakdown of urea to ammonia
describe glucose changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased
- glycolysis and bacterial use
describe ketone changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased
- bacterial metabolism and volatilization
describe bilirubin changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased
- exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin
describe urobilinogen changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased
- oxidation to urobilin
describe nitrate changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- increased
- multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
describe red and white blood cell changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved
- decreased
- lysis in dilute alkaline urine
list a con of refrigeration preservation of urine
can cause precipitation of amorphous materials that obscure microscopic sediment
describe an ideal preservative
- bactericidal
- inhibits urease
- preserve formed elements
- does not hinder chemical tests
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY TESTED URINE SPECIMEN
random specimen - routine testing
describe catheter urine collection
catheter into bladder - sterile
- may collect epithelial cells
- can go all the way to kidneys
describe suprapubic aspiration
needle enters bladder from abdomen
- completely free of contamination
describe prostatitis specimen collection and why it is done
- done to determine prostate or bladder infection
(1) beginning of urination into cup 1
(2) mid stream clean catch into second cup (control)
(3) prostate is massaged and final urination collected into 3rd cup - if prostate infection 3rd cup has 3x more WBC and bacteria than 1st
define COC
chain of custody - for legal documentation to prove no tampering has occured from collection to final result reporting
