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urinalysis 1 > intro lecture > Flashcards

intro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

urine percent compisition

A

95% water, 5% solutes

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2
Q

urea makes up ____ of total dissolved solids in urine

A

half

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3
Q

list 3 major organic substances in urine

A
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
  • hippuric acid
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4
Q

list 3 major INorganic substances in urine

A
  • chloride
  • sodium
  • potassium
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5
Q

define normal daily urine vol

A

1200-1500 mL
normal range: 600-2000 mL/day

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6
Q

define oliguria

A

decrease in normal daily urine
- vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, severe burns

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7
Q

define anuria

A

cessation of urine flow
- serous damage to kidney
- decrease in flow of blood to kidney

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8
Q

define nocturia

A

increase in nocturnal excretion of urine

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9
Q

define polyuria

A

increase in daily urine vol

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10
Q

what test can be run to determine if given fluid is urine, body fluid, water or synthetic

A

test for urea and creatinine
- both present in higher concentrations in urine than in other body fluids

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11
Q

list factors that can influence urine volume

A
  • fluid intake
  • fluid loss from non renal sources
  • variations in secretions of ADH
  • kindey needs to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids
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12
Q

describe urine presentation in diabetes mellitus

A

increased vol, increased specific gravity

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13
Q

describe urine presentation in diabetes insipidus

A

increased vol, decreased specific gravity

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14
Q

describe labelling process if there are multiple urine specimens from one patient

A
  • one label on the container
  • one label on the corresponding lid
  • all tubes labeled
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15
Q

when would a urine be rejected

A

Improper labelling, wrong time, not 2 patient IDs, 2 different patients listed, improper transport, insufficient quantity

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16
Q

how many hours after collection should urine be tested within

A

2 hours

17
Q

describe color changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • darkened
  • oxidation or reduction of metabolites
18
Q

describe clarity changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased clarity
  • bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material
19
Q

describe odor changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • increased -> NOT REPORTED
  • multiplication of bacteria or bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia
20
Q

describe pH changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • increased (alkaline)
  • breakdown of urea to ammonia
21
Q

describe glucose changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased
  • glycolysis and bacterial use
22
Q

describe ketone changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased
  • bacterial metabolism and volatilization
23
Q

describe bilirubin changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased
  • exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin
24
Q

describe urobilinogen changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased
  • oxidation to urobilin
25
Q

describe nitrate changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • increased
  • multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
26
Q

describe red and white blood cell changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

A
  • decreased
  • lysis in dilute alkaline urine
27
Q

list a con of refrigeration preservation of urine

A

can cause precipitation of amorphous materials that obscure microscopic sediment

28
Q

describe an ideal preservative

A
  • bactericidal
  • inhibits urease
  • preserve formed elements
  • does not hinder chemical tests
29
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY TESTED URINE SPECIMEN

A

random specimen - routine testing

30
Q

describe catheter urine collection

A

catheter into bladder - sterile
- may collect epithelial cells
- can go all the way to kidneys

31
Q

describe suprapubic aspiration

A

needle enters bladder from abdomen
- completely free of contamination

32
Q

describe prostatitis specimen collection and why it is done

A
  • done to determine prostate or bladder infection
    (1) beginning of urination into cup 1
    (2) mid stream clean catch into second cup (control)
    (3) prostate is massaged and final urination collected into 3rd cup
  • if prostate infection 3rd cup has 3x more WBC and bacteria than 1st
33
Q

define COC

A

chain of custody - for legal documentation to prove no tampering has occured from collection to final result reporting

urinalysis 1 (13 decks)

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