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physical paper Flashcards

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1
Q

exresidence time for carbon held in rocks

A

150 million years

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2
Q

how long is carbon stored for in fast carbon cycle

A

350 years

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3
Q

rate of transfer fast vs slow carbon cycle

A

10-1000 times faster in fast cycle

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4
Q

% of carbon stored in each store

A

atmosphere 0.5%
oceans 27%
fossil fuels/sedimentary rocks 70%
biomass 1.5%

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5
Q

where does 50% of carbon fixation by p/s take place

A

in the oceans (50GT of carbon is drawn up from atmosphere by biological pump every year0

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6
Q

% of global water stored in oceans
in polar ice/glaciers

A

97%
2%

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7
Q

amazon temperature

A

27C all year round (no seasonal variation)

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8
Q

amazon precipitation rate

A

2500mm/year
lowest monthly=60mm (driER but no dry season0

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9
Q

how much of amazon precipitation is recycled by evapotranspiration

A

50-60%

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10
Q

carbon storage per hectare in;
TRF
grassland
soya plantation

A

400tonnes
16.2t (25x less)
2.7t (150x less)

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11
Q

amazon NPP

A

2500g/m2/year

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12
Q

% of deforestation in amazon for cattle ranching
how much C released by this

A

80%
340m tonnes CO2 per year

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13
Q

how much rainforest carbon is stored in biomass

A

60%

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14
Q

carbon storage per hectare in soil of TRF

A

90-200 tonnes

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15
Q

when did madeira river flood?
increased discharge?
no of deaths?

A

April 2014
river reached record levels of 19.68m above normal
60 deaths

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16
Q

deforestation increases runoff by a factor of what

A

27

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17
Q

impact of TRF deforestation on regional precipitation

A

20% decline

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18
Q

how many tonnes of carbon locked in Amazon

A

100 billion

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19
Q

how many tonnes of CO2 does amazon absorb per year

A

2.4b tonnes
releases 1.7b tonnes through decomposition

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20
Q

temperature range in tundra

A

-28C to 4C (negative for 9 months0

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21
Q

precipitation annually in tundra

A

50-350mm annually (majority falls as snow)
majority falls in 3-4 month summer when temp >0C

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22
Q

NPP in tundra

A

200g/m2/year

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23
Q

carbon stored in tundra

A

1600T per hectare
5/6 of this in soil, and only 4-30 tonnesper hectare in biomass

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24
Q

estimated losses of CO2 and CH4 from permafrost

A

7 to 40m tonnes CO2
24000 to 114000 tonnes CH4

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25
Q

arctic warms how much faster than anywhere else in the world

A

3 times

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26
Q

CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion

A

10b tonnes

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27
Q

fossil fuel combustion has increased atmospheric ppm CO2 by how much

A

280 to 400 ppm

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28
Q

phytoplankton transfer how much C from atmosphere to deep ocean per year

A

10GT

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29
Q

London water table fell two much in 1965 due to over-exploitation

A

90m

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30
Q

in a glacial, how much does sea level fall

A

by 100-130m

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31
Q

in a glacial, how much of continental land mass is covered by ice

A

1/3

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32
Q

how much of global energy combustion is from fossil fuels

A

87%

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33
Q

china afforestation stats

A

1978
400,000km2 of trees by 2050

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34
Q

when was Kyoto protocol

A

1997-2012

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35
Q

wetlands occupy how much of earth’s land surface
contain how much of terrestrial carbon pool

A

6-9%
35%

36
Q

how many sediment cells in England and Wales

A

11 (determined by topography and shape of land e.g. Land’s End)

37
Q

what percentage of sediment comes from rivers in coastal landscapes

A

70-80%

38
Q

direction of LSD in UK

A

N to S in NE
W to E in SW

39
Q

example of a beach

A

Filey Bay Yorkshire
5 miles wide

40
Q

spit example

A

Orford Ness East Anglia

41
Q

onshore bars example

A

slapton sands Devon
4km long

42
Q

tombolo examples

A

chesil beach Dorset(by spit extension)
st ninian’s, orkneys (wave refraction) 500m long

43
Q

salt marsh example

A

Abel tasman, NZ

44
Q

requirement for geo to form

A

fault must be 70 to 90 degrees to the coastline

45
Q

geo example

A

huntsmans head, Pembroke, Wales
4m at narrowest, 40m at widest

46
Q

example of cave/arch/stack/stump evolution

A

old Harrys rocks, near swanage

47
Q

rate of erosion in:
chalk and limestone
lias and shale

A

0.1m/year
0.8m/year

48
Q

fetch flamborough head

A

1500km

49
Q

river at flamborough head

A

river Ask

50
Q

robin hoods bay shore platform:
width
when formed

A

500m max
within last 6000 years

51
Q

saltburn beach sediment levels

A

net increase of 9245m3 between 2008 and 2011

52
Q

nile delta direction of LSD

A

west to east

53
Q

nile delta dominant wind direction

A

from west/north west 55-60% of time

54
Q

when was Azwan dam built

A

1964

55
Q

nile delta erosion rates now

A

up to 148m/year
Rosetta mouth 24m/year
Damietta mouth 36m/year

56
Q

nile delta expected sea level rise

A

by up to 90cm by 2100
(up to 60% loss of farmland)

57
Q

size of gamsa sand dunes

A

30 km across, between the 2 lagoons

58
Q

nile delta historic sediment supply

A

provided 120m tonnes from river
now virtually 0

59
Q

describe eustatic change

A

last 18000 years= interglacial (gone from glacial to warm period)
120m s.l. rise on average so submerging landforms
causing massive input of sediment ‘rolled onshore’ by rising sea levels (flandrian transgression)
last 6000 years= stable temps & climate, which allowed progression of civilisation

60
Q

width and depth of fjords

A

often over 1000m deep
not very wide 2-4km

61
Q

examples of fjords

A

sognefjord in Norway
Milford sound in NZ

62
Q

rias examples

A

kings bridge estuary on south Devon coast 6 miles long
1 mile wide near mouth at salcombe
2 large drowned tributaries extend from east side of ria

63
Q

example shingle beach

A

chesil beach Dorset
29km long

64
Q

advantages of using OS maps

A

has scale: can compare distances and measure
land use and land height are clearly displayed
spatially and proportionally accurate features
easy to read
‘layers’ of information
physical geo and human land use

65
Q

disadvantages of using OS maps

A

no temporal change: displays an area in an instant: ‘snapshot’ so could be outdated
doesnt show seasonal variation in beach e.g. height and width

66
Q

advantages of using aerial photos

A

visually easy to see land use (physical and human)
easy to understand and access
easy to do rephotography

67
Q

disadvantages of using aerial photos

A

doesnt show scale, height (contours), tidal change
lack of labels/information: cannot necessarily tell what they are
no compass points

68
Q

mine head sea wall height

A

0.6m

69
Q

mine head prediction of coastal retreat

A

up to 100m in next 50-100m

70
Q

mine head coastal protection cost

A

£13 million

71
Q

pakiri historical background of sand mining

A

on 8 feb 1994, minister of conservation granted commercial sand extractors 5 coastal permits under the RMS to dredge sand from nearshore seabed at mangawhai and pakiri
permits allow a total of up to 165000m3 of sand to be taken annually for 10 years

72
Q

cost of 1m3 of sand in NZ

A

$40 in 2000

73
Q

how much sand is mined weekly in pakiri

A

1500 tonnes

74
Q

overview of past/current sand mining in pakiri

A

nearshore sand dredging on the coastline has operated for over 70 years
between 1994 and 2004, 165000m3/year
mining ended at mangawhai in 2005, but has continued at pakiri
current rates= 75000m3/year until 2020

75
Q

ratio of inputs to outputs at pakiri beach

A

1:5

76
Q

when was pakiri storm and what were the impacts

A

1978
28m breach at base of mangawhai spit
2nd breach altered tidal currents causing sedimentation of mangawhais harbour so made shallower so community threatened by flooding
harbour dredged and groynes constructed on spit to restore some equilibrium

77
Q

coastal retreat in future at pakiri

A

LT retreat by 2100 estimates at 35m
width of coastal zone susceptible to erosion is higher than any of the Auckland region’s other 123 beaches

78
Q

depth of pakiri dredging

A

occurring at 8-10m depth (active sediment from here is usually moved by constructive waves onto beach)
if sed was taken from deeper (18-25m) it wouldn’t impact coastal system

79
Q

amazon deforestation in past 50 years

A

20% of forest

80
Q

example of marine terrace

A

San Clemente Island of the Channel Islands in southern California

81
Q

raised beach example

A

Isle of Arran , Scotland

82
Q

relict cliffs example

A

Wairau Valley, New Zealand

83
Q

Secondary vs primary forest carbon storage

A

Primary stores double C per hectare

84
Q

Beach replenishment minehead

A

80m wider

85
Q

Minehead golf course future retreat

A

100m in next 50 years

86
Q

Minehead is worth how much

A

£300 million

geography (10 decks)

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