physical human evolving landscapes - paper 2 Flashcards
Population Density
The average number of people living in a square mile or square kilometer
Multiplier Effect
People or business move into an area, invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people.
Explain
Give reasons why
Describe
Tell me about
Urban Core
Most densely populated area of the uk. these are economic core regions of a country, e.g. London in the south east. people migrate to live and work there for the high potential incomes found here.
Rural Periphery
Areas away from the urban core. These areas have a low population density, older populations, lower incomes, high transport costs and an out-migration of younger people. Allerdale in the Lake District in Cumbria, NW England is an example.
Affluent
Higher income people
Low Population Density
This means that an area is rural with few people living per sq KM
Enterprise Zones
These are places where the UK government offers companies help with start up costs, reduced taxes on profits and access to super fast broadband
Globalisation
The ways in which countries become increasingly connected to each other through economic interdependence, trade, technology, international flows of investment, outsourcing and culture
Multicultural
Different ethnic groups live there
Ageing Population
This means that there is a high proportion of people living in a place of an elderly age
Depopulation
The decline of total population of an area
Suburbanisation
The movement of people from the inner suburbs to the outer suburbs
Decentralisation
Shift of shopping activity and employment away from the CBD to new areas
Retail parks
These are out of town shopping parks. They are built out of towns and near major roads. E.G. the Meadows.
Business parks
Areas for employment built outside of towns and cities and close to major roads
E – commerce
Where you buy goods online
Counter-urbanisation
Where people leave towns and cities to live in the countryside
Re–urbanisation
Where people who used to live in the city and then moved out to the country or to a suburb, move back to live in the city
Brownfield sites
An area of disused and derelict land, normally located in urban areas that is available for redevelopment
Gentrification
High income earners move into rundown areas to be closer to their workplace, often resulting in the rehabilitation and regeneration of the area to conform with middle-class lifestyles
Studentification
Communities benefit from local universities which provide employment opportunities and a large student population which can regenerate pubs, shops and buy to let properties
Rebranded
To give a place a new brand and get rid of the old one E.G. the dome became the O2 Arena
Sustainable living
Where a resource use meets human needs while preserving the environment for present generations, but also for generations to come
Quaternary sector
Knowledge based jobs which normally include the use of technology
E.G. financial banking
Teleworking
When a company is not tied to any location. These are companies based in the new economy
Footloose
These are companies or industries that are not tied to one location and are found in the new economy
New economy
The growth in the tertiary sector since the 1980s
Free trade
The free flow of goods and services without tariffs
Privatisation
The change of ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the government (public sector) to the private sector, a company
TNCs
Transnational corporation – a business that has offices or factories in two or more countries
Infrastructure
Roads, railways, bridges, airports
Connectivity
How easy it is to travel or connect with other places
Cultural diversity
This means that a place has a wide range of cultural connections
CBD
Central business district – the centre of a town or city where you would mostly find shops and offices
Urban – rural fringe
Where a town or city meets the countryside
Migrants
People who move from one place to another inside a country
Ethnic segregation
Where people of a particular ethnic group choose to live with others from the same ethnic group
Multiple deprivation index
The government complies census data on incomes, housing, health and services. It helps to assess in which areas a community is deprived or poor
Deindustrialisation
Decreases activity in manufacturing and closure of industries, leading to unemployment 
median
Order the data and then find the middle value. This divides the data into 2 halves
Mode
The number that appears the most frequently in the data set
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest value
Quartiles
Dividing a list of numbers onto four equal groups – two above and two below the median
Quality of life
The overall well-being and happiness of a person this is determined by a large number of factors such as standard of living (how much you earn), access to healthcare, access to education, access to services, crime rate in an area, access to entertainment
Affordable housing
Cheaper housing that low income groups can afford to live in
Green space
Open space such as parks
Energy efficiency
Using less energy to perform the same task to produce the same result
Waste
Rubbish that is just thrown away, which could alternatively be recycled or reused
Accessibility
How easy something is to get to such as a place or in relation to being able to use services such as your GP
Dormitory town/village
Settlements in the rural – urban fringe where people live and leave each morning to commute to work in nearby towns or cities
Deprived area
An area that lacks wealth or services. It usually means a low standard of living for the people that live there
Diversification
When farms try to find other ways of earning money other than we just farming. Examples include opening a farm shop such as in Cornwall
Primary data
Fieldwork that you collect yourself
Secondary data
Data that has been collected by someone else
Quantitive data
This is about collecting numerical data
Qualitative data
These are non-numerical pieces of evidence collected, such as field sketches and photographs
Mean
The average of values in data. Add them all together and divided by the total amount of data
The U.K.’s core region case study is…
London, Southeast England
 The case study studied TNC in the UK is…
Virgin
The rural periphery case study studied is…
Allendale, Lake District, Cumbria
The decline of the old economy case study studied was…
Dinningtons coal mine in Yorkshire
The rise of the new economy case study studied was…
London
The accessible areas near London which are dependent on London and have a symbiotic relationship case study studied was…
Terling in Essex
Economics and social change in rural areas case study studied was…
IT in Devon 
Challenges facing rural areas case study studied was…
Cornwall
New opportunities in rural areas bringing benefits and costs case study studied was…
Cornwall
(The Eden Project and tourist accommodation as well as farm shops)
Northern powerhouse
A government policy linked to the development of major cities in the north of the UK.
(Financially,productivity,infrastructure) to potentially drive the economy.
EU grants
Funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average
Regional development grant
Grants and advice which help businesses start up in an area. Mostly target peripheral areas.
Primary production
Acquiring raw materials, for example metals and coals which has to be mined, forested, farmed or fished for
Secondary production
Manufacturing and assembling process, converting raw materials into components
Tertiary production
Commercial services that support the production and distrubing process e.g. insurance, transport and advertising
What are some factors which attract people which lead to dense populations
Good transport, places to work, mild climate, resources, low land
What are some factors which don’t attract people to live in an area which leads to sparse populations
Dry conditions, isolated, poor transport links, few jobs, lack of resources, harsh climate
What are the 6 UK urban cores
Glasgow, Birmingham, London, Newcastle, Liverpool, Manchester
What are some positives of rural periphery
Attract people who want to quite a lifestyle for example when they’re tired
Perceived healthier lifestyle than living in a big city
What are some negatives of the rural periphery 
Fewer job opportunities + universities
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of retail shops
Lower population density
Feeling isolated
Entertainment lacks
Three reasons for population growth
Globalisation – revolutionising migration to the UK, knowledge economy needs highly skilled workers which cannot be provided by the UK
Net immigration – EU membership, anyone can move and work in any other member state
Birthrate – more women who are younger, in their 20s, choosing to have children as well as increasing overseas births of women who often have a higher fertility rate than UK born women
Polish immigration benefits
Wide range of skills bought
Migrants increasingly help pay the UK economy
Hard-working, enthusiastic, skilled and flexible workers

Polish immigration negatives
Increasing violence problems
Minimum wage costings as basic needs end up reducing their wage
Schools are put under pressure as well as hospitals
Explain the Clark Fisher model
Talk about the preindustrial, which is where mainly primary sector was around with the beginning of the secondary and tertiary sector. Then move into the industrial and talk about how primary took a big decline and secondary began to grow slowly and tertiary climbed quite dramatically. Then moving to post industrial where primary almost stopped secondary get back down and tertiary grow up and quaternary entered 
Give some Dinnington colliery mining facts 
Before: Manual skills needed, full or part time jobs, someone paid, well paid, mostly men sometimes women.
Now: Highly skilled, most wonderful time, permanent, £30,000 annually, both men and women
What was the main reasons of the London Docklands cause of decline
Goods can be quicker transported by air,
dogs damaged by water,
unable to accommodate for large vessels to containerisation
What was the London Docklands effects of decline
20,000 people lost their jobs
6% of Land was derelict and unused
Population fell by 20%
Unemployment was at 18%
Industries relied on Docks to export and import goods now cannot
How were the London Docklands regenerated
Insuring house for all
Encouraging industries and commerce
Bringing that and buildings into use
Creating an attractive environment

London Docklands physical regeneration facts
Over 800 hectares of urban development land and water acquired
 over 700 hectares of derelict land reclaimed within urban development area
Improving public transport system. Docklands light Railway and London City Airport
London Docklands economic regeneration facts
Over £1,700 billion public sector investment
Employment increased by 150%
Over 40,000 new jobs created
London Docklands social regeneration facts
Nearly 20,000 new homes completed
95% population growth
Over £100 million spent on education, training, support for industry, health and community programs, amenities and environment
What were problems created with London Docklands regeneration
Locals are not trained enough and do not have the qualifications needed to do the office base well-paid jobs as well as local people often do the service type jobs and are usually in very low paid jobs which means the raise in flat or house prices has made area too expensive for locals to afford
What are some advantages of knowledge economy teleworking/flexible working
Better health, people can take breaks
No commuting, less traffic congestion
Less sickness and absenteeism
Parents can work from home, save money on childcare
Suits disable people who don’t want to travel
Work varied hours easier
Better productivity
What are some disadvantages of the knowledge economy teleworking/flexible working
Isolated from work environment
Less contact with colleagues
Overlooked from promotions
Difficult to motivate and organise workers
Work never disappears, it’s always around you
Advantages of knowledge economy
High salaries and bonuses and other parts such as private healthcare as well as contract roles
Disadvantages of the knowledge economy
Permanent roles & traditionally male dominated
Advantages of old economy
Well-paid and permanent
Disadvantages of old economy
Male dominated
Often dangerous, risk to health
Advantages of TNCs
Provide jobs at headquarters
Larger workforces
Can locate workforce + base
Disadvantages of TNCs
Most money goes to home country
Negatively impact political relationships
Government may get involved with business
What helps London’s situation factor for growth
Bigger economy, bigger population
Bigger port
Time zone
Close to Europe
Trade by sea quickly
What is London’s connectivity internationally
Second biggest airport in the world
Biggest airhub in the world
Eurostar
What is London’s connectivity nationally
Fastest railway services
Major A roads, motorway links to London
What is London’s connectivity regionally (compass directions)
Radio network (smaller roads)
What are some CBD facts
Oldest part of the city
Mostly dense buildings used by knowledge economy to maximise limited space
Second and third CBD are shops
Royal Parks benefits the environment
U.K.’s worst air quality

What are some wealthy inner suburb facts
Built in industrial revolution
Dense with large properties
Large old houses divided into flats
Varies between rundown and smart areas
What are some poor inner suburbs facts
Built in industrial revolution
Densely built up, densely packed terraced housing
Newer flats replace in flats
More rundown but changing
What are some outer suburbs facts
Late 20th century
Building density was lower almost everyone had a garden
Most of the residential, just see the edge of town
Environmental quality was better, you have your own garden
What is Newham‘s ethnicity like
One of London’s most diverse boroughs with 30% white, 20% black and 39% Asian
What is newhams income like
Low income
What is newham‘s house in like
Mostly rented, 32% owned their own property, 35% privately rented, 32% from social housing
What is newhams services like
Schools under pressure, due to high birth rate
What is Newham‘s culture like
There is Mosques, churches for all races and beliefs, many Asian food shops and businesses
What is lambeths ethnicity like
Diverse, 38% born out of the UK from 152 countries
What is Lambeth‘s income
Low income area
What is Lambeths housing
44% own their own, 20% rented privately, 34% social housing
What is Lambeths services
81% ethnic backgrounds, 140 Languages spoken in schools and 1/2 of peoples English is second language
What is Lambeths culture
Varies between black and white middle-class
What is Richmonds ethnicity
One of the least of us boroughs in London, 85% white but a lot born overseas
What is Richmonds income
Very high income area, averages £41,000 – almost double U.K.’s average
What is Richmond housing like
Stable, affluent people buy expensive property. 69% own their own, 16% rented privately, 15% social housing
What are Richmond services like
Less pressure on schools due to few children, high average in care homes
What is Richmond culture like
Mostly white middle class
Greenbelt
A ring of land maintained as parts, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of urban area
Greenfield positives
Better access and less congestion
More room to expand
More attractive for workers
More space and larger Gardens 
Greenfield negatives
More traffic on country roads
Less peace in countryside
Will drive wildlife away
Brownfield negatives
Land has to be cleared of existing structures, costing money
More homes in town or city, traffic gets worse
Brownfield positives
Making good use of wasted sites
Easier to get planning permission
Making an area look better
4 reasons for why London has expanded
Increased divorce, needing more homes
Family size
Counter urbanisation
Suburbanisation
4 Factors which have led to re urbanisation
Space for redevelopment
Investment from TNCs
Gentrification high income workers move in
Studentification from uni expansion so more students, think students need (clubs, homes, shops)
What is an example of regentrification in sport
2012 Olympic Park was built in Stratford now used as West Ham‘s football pitch
Regentrification in culture (music, art, films, dance)
2012 Olympic Park was built in Stratford now used as West Ham‘s football pitch and can also be used as a venue for a concerts
What are some before rebranding facts for East London
Old housing, social problems, traffic, poor reputation, exam results
After rebranding facts for East London
New public spaces, 890 homes built and sold, training for people to get jobs, spending on infrastructure, CCTV (reduced crime by 40%), new shops
What are some sustainable city facts
Community links are strong
Sense of belonging
Waste is a resource and recycled
Lots of open space
Public transport rather than cars
Renewable resources
Walking and cycling a safe
More energy-efficient
Insure affordable housing exists

Where is bedzed located
Wallington, London
How many residents live in bedzed 
250 + 100 homes
Facts about bedzed
Solar panels used
First zero carbon redevelopment
Sense of community
Sourced from local materials (35 miles)
Own on site water treatment plant and woodchip fuelled combining heat power plant
Thicker walls, more insulation
Green roofs, increasing heat and biodiversity
Reduce carbon footprint
Built on a brownfield site

What are London’s main six problems
Transport, congestion zone
Employment, most workers can work from home some days however has a limit (doctor)
Affordable housing, minimal wage workers lose out
Energy-efficient housing, 45% that electric, 58% less water
Green spaces, housing demand, pressure on greenbelt
Recycling, reduce household waste by 10%
Terling (London fringe) features
Five minute drive to a12 for London
English village
Services are struggling
Chelmsford just 7 miles away with services and jobs
Railway station is five minutes away to take people to London
Why would businesses move out of London to go to Devon
East Devon – mainly rural – land is cheaper
East Devon – 42 train services to London (two hours long)
Met office is 3 km from airport
Met offices is 0.5 km from M5, junction 29
What are some more facts about the Met office
New roads and infrastructure
Employers giving grants to help move homes
Why is there pressure on housing for Devon due to the met office
Housing prices have exploded
Lack of Housing
Why would the Met office move to Devon
Large land area, expand easy
 2/3 is natural beauty
170 miles but still accessible to London
Office is 3 km away from airport, flight easy
Why is there pressure on leisure and recreation due to the Met office
Huge number of outdoor activities
30 minutes away from Dartmoor leisure
Large tourist industry
Good outdoor lifestyle
What issues does Cornwall face
Very long county (140) , Transport is slow and no motorway
No large population centres
No knowledge economy to raise income
Much of employment is tertiary
Mainly tourist highs and lows
Explain Cornwalls primary farming
Number of dairy cattle fell by 60%, created falling milk prices forcing farmers to give up
 explain Cornwall primary fishing
Decline caused by overfishing in UK in EU boats
Explain Cornwalls primary quarrying
Used to be 10,000 people working now only 1000 due to overseas work, leaving ugly wasteland
Explain Cornwall primary mining
Used to be high price so worth mining, prices fell so did cornwalls industry
West Cornwall Deprivation Facts
Lowest average income – £240 average versus London is £660. £7 an hour
High percent of elderly people
Few services – tourist highs and lows
Doctors open one morning a week
Hospitals is over 30 miles away
Education travel, 30 miles for six form
Index of multiple deprivation
