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geography > challenges of an urbanising world - paper 1 > Flashcards

challenges of an urbanising world - paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

urbanisation

A

occurs as people move from rural to urban areas

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2
Q

what causes urban growth

A

migration to cities
natural increases (more births than deaths)

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3
Q

where in the world is expected to see the biggest rises in urbanisation

A

Asia and Africa

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4
Q

where are the most of the worlds largest cities

A

developing countries

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5
Q

million city

A

a city with a population of over 1 million (over 500 round the world)

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6
Q

megacity

A

population of over 10 million people (Tokyo and Paris)

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7
Q

world cities

A

They have urban primacy meaning they have importance and influence bigger than their size suggests. They are ‘hubs’ where economic activity occurs, spokes radiates out with flows of investment, airline traffic, decision making and political decisions

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8
Q

what is the main cause of growth

A

economic growth which creates jobs

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9
Q

what economic growth has happened in emerging countries

A

TNCs and manufacturing have caused rapid industrialisation

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10
Q

what economic growth has happened in high income countries

A

growing rapidly due to their service economies expanding

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11
Q

what has caused urbanisation in both emerging and high income countries

A

migration as people move to find work

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12
Q

case study 1 - Kampala

where is it located

A

capital of Uganda

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13
Q

case study 1 - Kampala

what is its growth driven by

A

mainly internal migration but also natural increase as well as rural-urban migration as a result of factors which ‘pull’ people to Kampala, and others which ‘push’ them from the countryside

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14
Q

case study 1 - Kampala

what are some urban pull factors

A

growth in jobs, better quality of life, better housing, better jobs and opportunities

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15
Q

case study 1 - Kampala

what are some rural push factors

A

low pay, rural poverty, lack of services and investment, drought or flooding, lack of opportunity

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16
Q

case study 2 - New York

what has New York’s sped up growth come from

A

net growth from overseas migration, natural increase and the knowledge economy focus on finance has increased migration

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17
Q

case study 3 - Detroit

why did the city experience population decline

A

mainly de-industrialisation
it’s wealthier population left leaving a poorer population, income from local taxes reduced and services declined, being known for General Motors, when cars began using robotics and needing fewer people, sales halved. It buys parts for overseas putting local companies out of work

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18
Q

what is the developing city studied

A

Kampala

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19
Q

what is the emerging city studied

A

New Delhi

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20
Q

what is the developed city studied

A

New York

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21
Q

case study - developing city - Kampala

what is Kampalas economy like

A

informal economy with mainly women and young people working however the formal economy is growing slowly with services (shops and offices)

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22
Q

case study - emerging city - New Delhi

what is New Delhi’s economy like

A

much of it is informal economy (75%) in factories where there are few regulations

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23
Q

case study - developed city - New York

what is New York’s economy like

A

knowledge economy is the most valuable part of the cities economy however it also has a sizeable informal economy

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24
Q

why did New York grow

A

cities deep harbour made it easy for trade as well as being a point for immigration, different ethnic groups arrived and crested communities and formed ethnic enclaves

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25
Q

how did New York suburbanise

A

it became too crowded, the subway and rail system expanded, making urban expansion possible

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26
Q

how did New York reurbanise

A
  1. The knowledge economy
  2. Closure of docks and industries has created space for regeneration with new apartments and offices in brownfield sites
  3. The city is safer due to ‘zero tolerance’ policies toward crime
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27
Q

counter urbanisation

A

when someone moves away from the urban area to rural areas

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28
Q

New York’s counter urbanisation - Urban Push (all before reurbanisation)

A

declining jobs, crowded housing, congestion, poor services and schools, pollution, fear of safety

29
Q

New York’s counter urbanisation - Rural Pull (all before reurbanisation)

A

better schools and services, more open space, safer neighbourhoods, cheaper land, accessible

30
Q

CBD facts

A
  • most accessible part of the city
  • demand for land is the greatest
  • offices and apartment spaces
  • land is expensive so every bit of land is used
31
Q

inner city facts

A
  • away from the CBD
  • mainly terraced housing
  • close to transport link, new industries rely on road transport
32
Q

suburb facts

A
  • mainly semi detached housing with gardens
  • cheaper land which means they can afford to create small/medium gardens
  • newer land than the CBD or inner city
33
Q

rural - urban fringe

A
  • houses are mainly detached with larger gardens
  • land is cheaper than the rest
34
Q

why do areas develop differently

A

accessibility, cost of land, planning decisions

35
Q

what type of city is Mumbai

A

megacity

36
Q

Mumbai’s national and international connections

A
  • Mumbai’s deep water harbour made it India’s second biggest port and largest container port
  • west coast location makes it closer to Europe then other Indian ports
  • by air, Mumbai is nine hours or less from the UK, Singapore and Middle East destinations
  • most Indian cities are within a 2 hour flight time
37
Q

Mumbai’s site and situation

A
  • Mumbai lies by the estuary which it’s port has grown round
  • during monsoon season, torrential rain floods low-lying roads
  • it has spread to form a conurbanation
38
Q

Structure of Mumbai

A
  • not exactly like the normal model, the CBD is not the centre due to the harbour but instead near the island tip, industrial areas are near the port or places such as Navi Mumbai
  • wealthy suburbs are all inner city areas long waterfronts close to the CBD
  • middle low income areas are in older parts of the city - further from the CBD
  • low income groups live in ‘chawls’ and the poorest 60% live in informal housing
  • thousands live on the streets
39
Q

spatial growth meaning

A

how much extra space a city takes as it grows

40
Q

Mumbai’s growth and economy - pattern of spatial growth

A

Mumbai has expanded in area and population with new suburbs growing caused by migration of middle classes from the city as well as 60% of Mumbai’s population lives in slum suburbs

41
Q

Mumbai’s changes in investment and land use

A

investment as grown increasing the amount of employment, this is greatest in services, manufacturing, construction, entertainment and leisure
this growth puts pressure on land - one of the worlds most expensive cities

42
Q

what are the 2 main reasons of Mumbai’s growth

A
  1. Rural-Urban migration - Maharashtra receives most migrants because it is India’s wealthiest state while rural migrants head for the biggest cities
    Mumbai offers - jobs, education, entertainment, higher incomes
  2. natural increase - people who find work and settle to start families, Mumbai’s natural increase is 1.4% per year
43
Q

Mumbai’s economic opportunities

A

many work in informal economy with no regular wage, tax paying, job security, etc. many who work in that economy, live in slums

44
Q

what is the slum studied

A

Dharavi

45
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - population

A

estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000

46
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - area

A

2.39km squared

47
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - people per home

A

13-17

48
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - average home size

A

10m squared (medium sized bedroom)

49
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - people per toilet

A

625

50
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - most common deaths

A

malnutrition, diarrhoea, dehydration, typhoid

51
Q

what is the slum studied - Dharavi - literacy rate

A

69%

52
Q

what is life in the middle like (above the slums) - adapted from news article

A
  • small flats where they all sleep in one room
  • teaching salary is not enough so tutors privately to increase monthly salary of 75,000 rupees (£750)
  • middle class is growing and their incomes are rising
53
Q

life near the top

A
  • Vihaan has a degree from the top engineering college, speaks English and is part of Mumbai’s upper middle class.
  • he earns 1.6 million rupees (£16000) a year
  • his company provides him a apartment, a high spec one bedroomed apartments in Mumbai cost £320,000
54
Q

what problems do Mumbai face

A
  • employment conditions are varied, for example Dharavi factories are illegal, these are informal with no rights
  • housing shortages and slum development - population is growing, city has no more money for building homes, many live in cramped rooms, others squat in roads
  • water supply and waste disposal - in the slums water only runs for 30 minutes a day, factories use rivers to dump untreated waste, this creates health issues - however the business does create jobs
  • air pollution and traffic - air quality is bad due to traffic congestion, little is spent on transport infrastructure, roads and trains are overcrowded, 3500 people die on Mumbai’s railway each year
55
Q

how can we improve Mumbai’s sustainability (2)

A

by thinking about sustainable development
1. a stool, if economic, social, environmental benefits outnumber problems, then it’s a good idea (keep the stool balanced)
2. a quadrat, ideally the answer to all 4 parts is yes

56
Q

what does the stool look like

A

environmental, social, economic all the same legs = sustainable

57
Q

what does the quadrat look like

A

top left - equality (does it benefit everyone)
top right - future (will it last)
bottom left - public participation (is it bottom up)
bottom right - environmental (eco friendly?)

58
Q

what is the top down development called

A

vision Mumbai

59
Q

what is vision Mumbai’s aim

A

to improve the city and quality of life

60
Q

what improvements did vision Mumbai create

A
  1. 45,000 homes demolished in Dharavi
  2. new flats replaced slums
  3. piped water and sewage systems were created to establish new flats
  4. 72 new trains were added to improve congestion
  5. new measures were introduced to improve air quality
61
Q

objections by Dharavi towards vision Mumbai

A
  1. many prefer slum improvements to demolition
  2. apartment blocks have split communities
  3. rent costs more than slums - many cannot afford
  4. small workshops would have to move - effecting Mumbai’s recycling industry
62
Q

what was vision Mumbai’s main 4 aims

A
  1. demolish slums
  2. improvement to water, sanitation and healthcare
  3. improvements to rail, bus and road transport
  4. boost economic growth
63
Q

what do you do when ill in Mumbai

A

either pay for healthcare or use insurance

64
Q

what is the bottom up case study

A

LSS - Lok Seva Sangam

65
Q

what is LSS

A

a health charity set up to control leprosy

66
Q

what does LSS do

A
  • surveying communities to detect skin diseases
  • setting up dermatology clinics
  • running kindergartens for young children to help parents
67
Q

LSS - health related work

A
  • treated 28,000 people in 30 years (75% were cured)
  • it has now expanded its work to treat people with TB
  • LSS employed full-time medical staff and volunteers
68
Q

LSS - education

A
  • surveys and detects cases of TB and leprosy
  • educates people about symptoms
  • treats people by persuading them first that treatment is easy
69
Q

LSS - community work

A
  • sanitation - boiling drinking water and waste disposal
  • education about vermiculture - worms reduce the bacteria in household waste
  • activities to aid discussion as well as making items to raise money

geography (9 decks)

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