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geography > people and the biosphere - paper 3 > Flashcards

people and the biosphere - paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

abiotic components

A

Non-living environmental factors that have influence over the ecosystem

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2
Q

altitude

A

A measurement of the height of the land

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3
Q

altitudinal zonation

A

The presence of distinct bands of different vegetation types at different elevations, caused by the change of environmental conditions with altitude.

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4
Q

biome

A

a large, distinct region of the Earth with similar climate, soil, plants and animals.

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5
Q

what else can a biome be referred to as

A

globe-scale ecosystem

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6
Q

biosphere

A

The living layer of Earth between the atmosphere (air) and the lithosphere (crust) where all plants and animals are found.

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7
Q

biotic components

A

Living organisms that interact with the environment and other organisms within an ecosystem

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8
Q

boserupian theory

A

The theory that the demands of the growing population will always be met, as humans will continue to invent new ways to increase resource supply.

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9
Q

carbon sequestration

A

The long-term capture and storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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10
Q

taiga/boreal (coniferous forest biome) facts

A

A biome located at high latitudes, characterised by conifer trees and a cold climate.

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11
Q

consumer

A

Organisms that receive energy from consuming (i.e. eating) living organisms.

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12
Q

decomposer

A

Organisms that break down organic material and release the nutrients back into the ecosystem

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13
Q

desert biome

A

A biome located around 30° north and south of the equator, characterised by extremely low precipitation levels and extreme daily temperature fluctuations.

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14
Q

ecosystem

A

A natural system in which a community of plants and animals interact with each other and their physical environment.

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15
Q

Eutrophication

A

The growth of algae in a body of water due to excess nutrients, leading to the
depletion of oxygen in an aquatic ecosystem.

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16
Q

food chain

A

shows the biotic interactions within an ecosystem, from a producer to a final consumer.

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17
Q

hydrological cycle

A

The continuous transfer of water throughout Earth.

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18
Q

indigenous people

A

The earliest known settlers in an area.

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19
Q

industrialisation

A

The development of the industrial sector in a country or region.

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20
Q

malthusian theory

A

The theory that population growth increases exponentially but resource supply only increases linearly.

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21
Q

mediterranean biome

A

A biome located 40-45° north of the equator (and in isolated spots south of the equator), characterised by mild, moist winters and hot, dry summers.

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22
Q

nutrient cycling

A

The transfer of nutrients through an ecosystem, from the decay of organic material into the production and energy of living organisms.

23
Q

producers

A

Organisms that convert energy from the environment (mainly sunlight) into sugars
(glucose).

24
Q

savanna biome

A

A biome located around 15-30° north and south of the equator, characterised by high temperatures, very dry summers and very wet winters.

25
Q

temperate deciduous forest biome

A

A biome located around 40-50° north and south of the equator, characterised by deciduous trees (trees that shed their leaves) and moderate precipitation.

26
Q

temperate grassland biome

A

A biome located in non-coastal areas around 30-40° north and south of the equator, characterised by low precipitation and grasses as the major vegetation.

27
Q

transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from plants.

28
Q

tropical rainforest biome

A

A biome located near the equator, characterised by very high precipitation and sustained warm temperatures.

29
Q

tundra biome

A

A biome located in the far northern hemisphere, characterised by very cold conditions and permanently frozen soils.

30
Q

urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas.

31
Q

how does precipitation effect biomes

A

low pressure - rainy climate

high pressure - low precipitation

32
Q

how does temperature effect biomes

A

higher latitudes - low temperatures - less intense sunlight - less growth

around the equator - sun shines directly - warm - more growth

33
Q

how can you compare different biomes

A

climate graphs

34
Q

what 3 things effect biomes locally

A

altitude
rock and soil type
drainage

35
Q

how does altitude effect biomes

A

temperature gets colder as you get higher - temperature is colder
precipitation increases with height - alters vegetation

36
Q

how does rock and soil type effect biomes

A

rocks are broken down - chemicals and nutrients released - chemicals influence soil pH and fertility

bedrock - effects permeability, vulnerability to erosion and drainage

37
Q

how does drainage effect biomes

A

well drained soils - do not retain water - different plants can grow

poorly drained soils - waterlogged and boggy - harder to grow

38
Q

what 4 things effect drainage

A

topography and relief
soil type
amount of vegetation
precipitation and temperature

39
Q

example of indigenous people

A

Efe people

40
Q

why is the biosphere essential for human life

A

supports us with good and services

41
Q

what does goods refer too

A

food and water
energy sources (fossil fuels)
materials (timber)

42
Q

services

A

atmospheric regulation
soil formation and nutrient cycling
hydrological cycle

43
Q

how have humans exploited the biosphere

A

for:
energy
water
mineral resources

44
Q

how have humans exploited energy from the biosphere

A

energy supply - fossil fuels

extracted at unsustainable rate, takes millions of years to reproduce
extraction is causing environmental damage
fossil fuels - green house gases - global warming

45
Q

how have humans exploited water from the biosphere

A

pop requires long lasting, clean water sources

water depleted by altering hydrological cycle
groundwater is depleting at a faster rate than replenishing
may face water shortages

46
Q

how have humans exploited mineral resources from the biosphere

A

takes billions of years to form - depleting fast

used for:
consumer goods (phones)
construction (metal)
medicines
fertilises for crops - keep up with pop growth

47
Q

what does the biosphere do

A

regulates globally important services

  • maintains green house gases
  • regulates photosynthesis
48
Q

photosynthesis equ

A

carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

49
Q

how does the biosphere keep soils fertile

A

Through nutrient cycle - movement of nutrients around - biomass and litter

50
Q

why is there a growing demand for resources (3)

A

population is growing

world is getting richer

urbanisation is increasing

51
Q

why is the population growing causing a demand in resources

A

more homes to build
more people to feed - pop doubled 4 billion to 7.7 billion
more energy to supply

52
Q

why is the world getting richer causing a demand in resources

A

people consume more food - requires land and resources - type of food changed (more dairy and meat) - more animals needed

more disposable income - holidays (fossil fuels for airplane) - more cars (energy and resources) and more consumer goods (phones - require mineral resources)

investments to sanitation - requires water resource s

53
Q

why is urbanisation increasing causing a demand in resources

A

over half the world live in cities

requires more resources for construction - energy for transport and electricity

54
Q

how is industrialisation increasing poorer regions

A

socioeconomic shift to industrialisation

large factories built - investments to industries - migrating to work from rural to urban

more urbanisation - greater energy consumption

geography (9 decks)

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