development dynamics - paper 1 Flashcards
examples of economic development indicators
GDP
measures of inequality
GDP
gross domestic product - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
purchasing power parity
shows what money will buy in each currency
measures of inequality
show how equally wealth is shared among the population
examples of social indicators
access to safe drinking water
literacy rate
access to safe drinking water
% of population with piped water supply within a km
literacy rate
% of population aged over 15 who can read and write
HDI
human development index - one figure between 0-1 calculated by using an average of 4 indicators: life expectancy, literacy, average length of schooling, GDP
corruption perception index
a scale between 10 ( honest) and 0 (very corrupt) to rank how safe investors money is in a government/country
what help you measure development
economic, social, political
what is malawis population like on an age sex pyramid
youthful, large base and narrow apex
what is malawis population figures like
birth rate - 41.8
death rate - 8.7
fertility rate - 5.7
depends ratio - 93.3
what is malawis health figures like
life expectancy - 60
infant mortality - 48
maternal mortality - 460
what is malawis education figures like
literacy rate - 74.8
what is womens health like in Malawi
skilled health workers only attend 20% of births
babies with unhealthy mothers are most likely to die in the first 5 years
what is woman’s education like in Malawi
few girls attend secondary school beyond age 13
many marry by 14, have their first child soon after, hence the high fertility rate caused by poverty
what happens as countries develop
GDP increases, more money to spend on services like health and education as well as factors like birth and death rate, infant and maternal mortality all decrease and life expectancy and literacy rates increase
where are the wealthy countries located according to the Brandt model
global north
where are the low income countries located according to the Brandt model
global south
middle income country
growth in the 1980s - large reserves of raw materials incouraged investment
newly industrialised countries
growth was so aggressive - became known as ‘Asian tigers’
mainly due to relocation of manufacturing overseas by US and European TNCs in 1990s
recently industrialised countries
recent investment 2000s - 2010s by us and European TNCs - largely domestic populations
what are the 4 factors holding Malawi back
it’s landlocked - no port to cheaply import and export goods so can’t trade easily, only a long train which can’t take much weight, or plane which can be expensive
rural isolation - roads mainly made of dirt, several hours to travel to markets in rainy season, rural coverage is poor for phones, 85% are isolated
living with climate change - water shortages, food shortages due to varied rainfall and rainy season will be shorter as well as intense rain causes problems
increased pollution - squatter settlements, no sanitation or waste management, rivers are contaminated, dust, car fumes have all increased air pollution
what are Malawis main problems with trade
- spends more than it earns
- used to sell to developed countries in return for manufactured goods now trade between developing and emerging countries is also important
- largely only produces raw materials
what is colonisation and cash crops
- Malawi depend on cash crops for exports - global prices vary and farmers never know what they will get
- plantations they made are still UK owned - profits go to TNCs, neo colonisation
what is global trade and international relations
Malawi only sell raw coffee beans instead of roasted even though it would be more expensive as there would be a tariff
3 trade problems which stand in the way of Malawi
- terms of trade
2. colonisation and cash crops - global state and international relations
what was rostows theory (1960)
- traditional society - subsidence economy - people fed for themselves in agriculture
- pre conditions for take off - shift from farming to manufacturing, trade increases profits which is invested into industries and infrastructure
- take off - growth is rapid, investments and technology create new manufacturing industries
- drive to maturity - a period of growth, technology is used throughout the economy, industries created consumer goods
- age of high mass consumption - societies choose how to spend wealth, e,g, military or education
what was franks dependency theory (1967)
development was about 2 type of global regions - core and periphery
core - developed nations
periphery - ‘others’ - producing raw materials to sell to the core - depend on the core for their market
lower value materials are traded and the core processes these into higher wealth products, becoming wealthy, historically trade is what made countries poor to begin with - think bourgeoise and proletariat
globalisation
increased connections betweenness countries
how does globalisation happen
economic interdependence
increased trade
spread of technology
investment
outsources
foreign direct investment
when one country invests in another
what has caused a massive global shift between developed and developing
manufacturing
what is the Clark fisher model
It shows the way different types of employment structure changed in different stages of the industrial revolution as a country develops. During pre industrial, primary (farming,fishing,mining,forestry) were all large employment areas. As they enter the industrial period, secondary (manufacturing) employment became much larger as well as the start of tertiary (services) employment. This was because the countries were taking the primary and manufacturing them to be traded, which involves services to get the products around. As they enter post industrial, tertiary becomes the main employment sector as it’s the largest employment sector. The growth of quaternary (knowledge economy) began to grew, however stayed small as it takes highly skilled workers which not the whole population is.
low income countries - Clark fisher model
employment dominated by the primary sector
middle income countries - Clark fisher model
dominated by secondary sector, as incomes rise so does demon for manufactured goods
high income countries - Clark fisher model
as income develops, tertiary sector (services) develops. The quaternary also develops as tertiary becomes more developed
what is development in Vietnam like
rapid industrialisation, money has been invested, turning raw materials into manufactured goods
what country didn’t benefit from globalisation
Malawi, GDP remains low
what has helped emerging countries grow - India
location - located between the Middle East and south east Asia, fast growing regions providing labour and huge market for goods and services
India’s significance - socially
- worlds second largest population (1.3billion)
- 4th and 5th largest cities - Mumbai and Kolkata
- some of the worlds worst urban slums, housing 40 million people
India’s significance - environmentally
- richest biodiversity - population and economic growth threaten them
- worst environmental problems - land, air, water pollution
- 3rd greatest emitter of greenhouse gases
India’s significance - politically
- worlds largest democracy
- growing global influence
- second largest contributor to number of troops in the UN
India’s significance - culturally
- worlds largest film industry - Bollywood
- has the worlds largest ancient culture
- diverse (78% Hinduism, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christianity, 2% Sikhism
economic liberalisation in India
globalised economy with economic liberalisation, meaning the consumers and companies decide what people will buy based on demand, where goods can be made most cheaply, where investment in products will make most profits
Governments supporting a marker economy also encourage foreign investment
the importance of transport - India
shipping - improvements in fuel efficiency mean one large ship costs only slightly more to run that a small one - global shipping as massively increased
containerisation - containers on ships are easier, quicker and cheaper to export
aircraft technology - imports by air for India as 70 times more valuable that those transported by sea
foreign direct investment - India
most of its investments have come for TNCs and international banks, the service economy has grown the most with TNCs investing in IT, research and development, call centres all providing cheaper services
what are the 3 types of outsourcing which have occurred
- call centres
- software development - India’s uni’s provide technically qualified graduates
- company administration - e.g. accounting
what is an example of a TNC in India
BT - part of the new economy
footloose
one which is not tied to any particular location or country
what is the new economy also known as
knowledge economy
where are TNCs usually located
close to unis and science parks
social impacts of economic development
urban expansion
later marriage for educated women as they now have a career
social customs - free to marry outside your caste
changes in health and education after economic development
increased access to safe drinking water
rapid expansion of hospitals in rural areas
economic development - losers
garment workers - minimum wage is 87% lower than the UK, work 100s of hours for an average of £35, most are unskilled jobs so 70% of employees are young women on lowest pay and older women are often discriminated against
multiplier effect
people migrate to cities and spend money on housing and services creating more jobs
what is the studied urban core region
maharashtra
what has maharashtra’s economic growth come from
services industries - e.g. banking and call centres
manufacturing - e.g. clothing and engineering
port - imports and exports of trade
entertainment - hosts Bollywood film industry
what is the rural periphery studied
bihar
what is bihar like
receives little investment, distant from cities
86% of its population is rural - many subsidence farmers
people can’t afford basic services - only 59% have electricity
school attendance is low and many are illiterate
most women are low wage labourers
what impacts on the environment does economic growth have
water pollution from waste removal and sewage
air pollution from traffic
loss of biodiversity and land degeneration as more land is needed for food and cities
top down development
where the government decides and local people have no say on wether or how the plans happen
They are usually expensive and large and often involve loans from Inter-Governmental Organisations
what was the top down development project we studied
three gorges dam - China
social factors of the three gorges dam
- creates more jobs - positive
- over 150 towns and 4500 thousand villages will be flooded displacing people from their homes - negative
- 1.3 million people will be forced to move
- Allow large ships to navigate the river and reach Chungong Create thousands of jobs
economic factors of the three gorges dam
- provide 10% of China’s electricity through HEP Increase tourism along the river - positive
- creates more jobs - positive
environmental factors of the three gorges dam
- the river landscape will be forever changed - negative
- the lake which will be created could become very polluted from waste, killing animals and plants - negative
- protect precious farmland from flooding - positive
who benefits (TD)
government and cities
who loses (TD)
animals, residents
bottom up development project
run by non-governmental organisations, offer help directly to communities to identify who needs help and offer help, often smaller and simpler technology so it can be used once they leave by locals
what was the bottom up development
water aid zambia
why did water aid visit Zambia
Zambia experiences acute water shortages during the April–November dry season, and has suffered 30 years of below- average rainfall.
This water stress has both economic and health impacts. More than 1,000 children under 5 die every year from diarrhoea.
what has water aid done for Zambia
- 120,000 people in 240 villages gained access to water
- 39 new toilet blocks were built with 13 new boreholes and 4 new wells
- 400 wells and boreholes were repaired
- 63 community groups were developed to manage WaterAid resources
- community groups have helped 7,500 individuals to build their own safe toilets
- 27 ‘sanitation champions’ have been trained to educate the population
- taps connected to the mains are unlocked for up to 4 hours a day to allow access to clean water
the future of water aid Zambia
WaterAid Zambia’s programmes need funding and staff.
Economic growth in Zambia is over 6% this decade, and the charity believes private-sector partnerships and funding are a way to scale up its programmes.
