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geography > development dynamics - paper 1 > Flashcards

development dynamics - paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of economic development indicators

A

GDP
measures of inequality

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2
Q

GDP

A

gross domestic product - total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

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3
Q

purchasing power parity

A

shows what money will buy in each currency

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4
Q

measures of inequality

A

show how equally wealth is shared among the population

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5
Q

examples of social indicators

A

access to safe drinking water
literacy rate

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6
Q

access to safe drinking water

A

% of population with piped water supply within a km

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7
Q

literacy rate

A

% of population aged over 15 who can read and write

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8
Q

HDI

A

human development index - one figure between 0-1 calculated by using an average of 4 indicators: life expectancy, literacy, average length of schooling, GDP

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9
Q

corruption perception index

A

a scale between 10 ( honest) and 0 (very corrupt) to rank how safe investors money is in a government/country

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10
Q

what help you measure development

A

economic, social, political

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11
Q

what is malawis population like on an age sex pyramid

A

youthful, large base and narrow apex

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12
Q

what is malawis population figures like

A

birth rate - 41.8
death rate - 8.7
fertility rate - 5.7
depends ratio - 93.3

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13
Q

what is malawis health figures like

A

life expectancy - 60
infant mortality - 48
maternal mortality - 460

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14
Q

what is malawis education figures like

A

literacy rate - 74.8

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15
Q

what is womens health like in Malawi

A

skilled health workers only attend 20% of births
babies with unhealthy mothers are most likely to die in the first 5 years

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16
Q

what is woman’s education like in Malawi

A

few girls attend secondary school beyond age 13
many marry by 14, have their first child soon after, hence the high fertility rate caused by poverty

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17
Q

what happens as countries develop

A

GDP increases, more money to spend on services like health and education as well as factors like birth and death rate, infant and maternal mortality all decrease and life expectancy and literacy rates increase

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18
Q

where are the wealthy countries located according to the Brandt model

A

global north

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19
Q

where are the low income countries located according to the Brandt model

A

global south

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20
Q

middle income country

A

growth in the 1980s - large reserves of raw materials incouraged investment

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21
Q

newly industrialised countries

A

growth was so aggressive - became known as ‘Asian tigers’
mainly due to relocation of manufacturing overseas by US and European TNCs in 1990s

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22
Q

recently industrialised countries

A

recent investment 2000s - 2010s by us and European TNCs - largely domestic populations

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23
Q

what are the 4 factors holding Malawi back

A

it’s landlocked - no port to cheaply import and export goods so can’t trade easily, only a long train which can’t take much weight, or plane which can be expensive

rural isolation - roads mainly made of dirt, several hours to travel to markets in rainy season, rural coverage is poor for phones, 85% are isolated

living with climate change - water shortages, food shortages due to varied rainfall and rainy season will be shorter as well as intense rain causes problems

increased pollution - squatter settlements, no sanitation or waste management, rivers are contaminated, dust, car fumes have all increased air pollution

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24
Q

what are Malawis main problems with trade

A
  1. spends more than it earns
  2. used to sell to developed countries in return for manufactured goods now trade between developing and emerging countries is also important
  3. largely only produces raw materials
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25
Q

what is colonisation and cash crops

A
  1. Malawi depend on cash crops for exports - global prices vary and farmers never know what they will get
  2. plantations they made are still UK owned - profits go to TNCs, neo colonisation
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26
Q

what is global trade and international relations

A

Malawi only sell raw coffee beans instead of roasted even though it would be more expensive as there would be a tariff

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27
Q

3 trade problems which stand in the way of Malawi

A
  1. terms of trade
    2. colonisation and cash crops
  2. global state and international relations
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28
Q

what was rostows theory (1960)

A
  1. traditional society - subsidence economy - people fed for themselves in agriculture
  2. pre conditions for take off - shift from farming to manufacturing, trade increases profits which is invested into industries and infrastructure
  3. take off - growth is rapid, investments and technology create new manufacturing industries
  4. drive to maturity - a period of growth, technology is used throughout the economy, industries created consumer goods
  5. age of high mass consumption - societies choose how to spend wealth, e,g, military or education
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29
Q

what was franks dependency theory (1967)

A

development was about 2 type of global regions - core and periphery
core - developed nations
periphery - ‘others’ - producing raw materials to sell to the core - depend on the core for their market

lower value materials are traded and the core processes these into higher wealth products, becoming wealthy, historically trade is what made countries poor to begin with - think bourgeoise and proletariat

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30
Q

globalisation

A

increased connections betweenness countries

31
Q

how does globalisation happen

A

economic interdependence
increased trade
spread of technology
investment
outsources

32
Q

foreign direct investment

A

when one country invests in another

33
Q

what has caused a massive global shift between developed and developing

A

manufacturing

34
Q

what is the Clark fisher model

A

It shows the way different types of employment structure changed in different stages of the industrial revolution as a country develops. During pre industrial, primary (farming,fishing,mining,forestry) were all large employment areas. As they enter the industrial period, secondary (manufacturing) employment became much larger as well as the start of tertiary (services) employment. This was because the countries were taking the primary and manufacturing them to be traded, which involves services to get the products around. As they enter post industrial, tertiary becomes the main employment sector as it’s the largest employment sector. The growth of quaternary (knowledge economy) began to grew, however stayed small as it takes highly skilled workers which not the whole population is.

35
Q

low income countries - Clark fisher model

A

employment dominated by the primary sector

36
Q

middle income countries - Clark fisher model

A

dominated by secondary sector, as incomes rise so does demon for manufactured goods

37
Q

high income countries - Clark fisher model

A

as income develops, tertiary sector (services) develops. The quaternary also develops as tertiary becomes more developed

38
Q

what is development in Vietnam like

A

rapid industrialisation, money has been invested, turning raw materials into manufactured goods

39
Q

what country didn’t benefit from globalisation

A

Malawi, GDP remains low

40
Q

what has helped emerging countries grow - India

A

location - located between the Middle East and south east Asia, fast growing regions providing labour and huge market for goods and services

41
Q

India’s significance - socially

A
  • worlds second largest population (1.3billion)
  • 4th and 5th largest cities - Mumbai and Kolkata
  • some of the worlds worst urban slums, housing 40 million people
42
Q

India’s significance - environmentally

A
  • richest biodiversity - population and economic growth threaten them
  • worst environmental problems - land, air, water pollution
  • 3rd greatest emitter of greenhouse gases
43
Q

India’s significance - politically

A
  • worlds largest democracy
  • growing global influence
  • second largest contributor to number of troops in the UN
44
Q

India’s significance - culturally

A
  • worlds largest film industry - Bollywood
  • has the worlds largest ancient culture
  • diverse (78% Hinduism, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christianity, 2% Sikhism
45
Q

economic liberalisation in India

A

globalised economy with economic liberalisation, meaning the consumers and companies decide what people will buy based on demand, where goods can be made most cheaply, where investment in products will make most profits

Governments supporting a marker economy also encourage foreign investment

46
Q

the importance of transport - India

A

shipping - improvements in fuel efficiency mean one large ship costs only slightly more to run that a small one - global shipping as massively increased

containerisation - containers on ships are easier, quicker and cheaper to export

aircraft technology - imports by air for India as 70 times more valuable that those transported by sea

47
Q

foreign direct investment - India

A

most of its investments have come for TNCs and international banks, the service economy has grown the most with TNCs investing in IT, research and development, call centres all providing cheaper services

48
Q

what are the 3 types of outsourcing which have occurred

A
  1. call centres
  2. software development - India’s uni’s provide technically qualified graduates
  3. company administration - e.g. accounting
49
Q

what is an example of a TNC in India

A

BT - part of the new economy

50
Q

footloose

A

one which is not tied to any particular location or country

51
Q

what is the new economy also known as

A

knowledge economy

52
Q

where are TNCs usually located

A

close to unis and science parks

53
Q

social impacts of economic development

A

urban expansion

later marriage for educated women as they now have a career

social customs - free to marry outside your caste

54
Q

changes in health and education after economic development

A

increased access to safe drinking water

rapid expansion of hospitals in rural areas

55
Q

economic development - losers

A

garment workers - minimum wage is 87% lower than the UK, work 100s of hours for an average of £35, most are unskilled jobs so 70% of employees are young women on lowest pay and older women are often discriminated against

56
Q

multiplier effect

A

people migrate to cities and spend money on housing and services creating more jobs

57
Q

what is the studied urban core region

A

maharashtra

58
Q

what has maharashtra’s economic growth come from

A

services industries - e.g. banking and call centres

manufacturing - e.g. clothing and engineering

port - imports and exports of trade

entertainment - hosts Bollywood film industry

59
Q

what is the rural periphery studied

A

bihar

60
Q

what is bihar like

A

receives little investment, distant from cities

86% of its population is rural - many subsidence farmers

people can’t afford basic services - only 59% have electricity

school attendance is low and many are illiterate

most women are low wage labourers

61
Q

what impacts on the environment does economic growth have

A

water pollution from waste removal and sewage

air pollution from traffic

loss of biodiversity and land degeneration as more land is needed for food and cities

62
Q

top down development

A

where the government decides and local people have no say on wether or how the plans happen
They are usually expensive and large and often involve loans from Inter-Governmental Organisations

63
Q

what was the top down development project we studied

A

three gorges dam - China

64
Q

social factors of the three gorges dam

A
  • creates more jobs - positive
  • over 150 towns and 4500 thousand villages will be flooded displacing people from their homes - negative
  • 1.3 million people will be forced to move
  • Allow large ships to navigate the river and reach Chungong Create thousands of jobs
65
Q

economic factors of the three gorges dam

A
  • provide 10% of China’s electricity through HEP Increase tourism along the river - positive
  • creates more jobs - positive
66
Q

environmental factors of the three gorges dam

A
  • the river landscape will be forever changed - negative
  • the lake which will be created could become very polluted from waste, killing animals and plants - negative
  • protect precious farmland from flooding - positive
67
Q

who benefits (TD)

A

government and cities

68
Q

who loses (TD)

A

animals, residents

69
Q

bottom up development project

A

run by non-governmental organisations, offer help directly to communities to identify who needs help and offer help, often smaller and simpler technology so it can be used once they leave by locals

70
Q

what was the bottom up development

A

water aid zambia

71
Q

why did water aid visit Zambia

A

Zambia experiences acute water shortages during the April–November dry season, and has suffered 30 years of below- average rainfall.
This water stress has both economic and health impacts. More than 1,000 children under 5 die every year from diarrhoea.

72
Q

what has water aid done for Zambia

A
  • 120,000 people in 240 villages gained access to water
  • 39 new toilet blocks were built with 13 new boreholes and 4 new wells
  • 400 wells and boreholes were repaired
  • 63 community groups were developed to manage WaterAid resources
  • community groups have helped 7,500 individuals to build their own safe toilets
  • 27 ‘sanitation champions’ have been trained to educate the population
  • taps connected to the mains are unlocked for up to 4 hours a day to allow access to clean water
73
Q

the future of water aid Zambia

A

WaterAid Zambia’s programmes need funding and staff.
Economic growth in Zambia is over 6% this decade, and the charity believes private-sector partnerships and funding are a way to scale up its programmes.

geography (9 decks)

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