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EPHE 346 > Physical Growth Changes Implications > Flashcards

Physical Growth Changes Implications Flashcards

1
Q

describe the speed of development at each stage

  • gestation
  • early childhood
  • middle- late
  • adolescents
  • adulthood
A
  • rapid
  • steady
  • calm before the storm
  • physical and biological changes
  • steady until regression
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2
Q

what pattern does development occur?

A

cephalocaudal (head to toes) and proximodistal (inwards to outwards)

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3
Q

14 days after conception, cells divide and differentiate; and attachment of ovum to wall of the uterus

A

germinal period

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4
Q

Rapid growth, CNS relatively developed, human form, organ development (eyes ears nose)

A

embryonic period

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5
Q

Growth spurt in lower body, internal organs functioning

A

fetal period

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6
Q

what are the 3 periods of prenatal development and their time lengths

A

germinal (14 days after conception)
embryonic (8 weeks)
Fetal period (2+months)

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7
Q

when is the age of viability? and what does it mean to be viable

A

7 months: internal organs are functioning, brain can regulate breathing, body temp and swallowing

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8
Q

what is formed at about 4 weeks and 8 weeks prenataly

A

4: limbs are formed and heart beat begins
8: eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes, human form taken shape

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9
Q

How long and how much does the fetus weigh at 9 weeks? and at birth?

A

9: 76mm , 28g
birth: 50.8cm , 3.2 kg

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10
Q

at birth, a babies head proportion is what fraction of stature? and there leg stature?
whereas as an adult your head is ? and your legs are?

A
  • 2/8 and 3/8

- 1/8 and 4/8

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11
Q

what are the growth rates form birth to adulthood of head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs

A
  • head x 2
  • trunk X 3
  • upper x 4
  • lower x 5
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12
Q

implication of growing inward to outward?

A

affects motor control

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13
Q

what are the 2 growth curves?

A
  1. distance curve (how much they have grown) (always increasing)(predictable) (height or weight vs age)
  2. velocity curve (rate of growing per day)( starts high, decreasing until age 2 steady till puberty where it increases then decreases until terminal at age 20 (cm/yr vs age)
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14
Q

what is a typical growth rate of females during the first year. when is their adolescent growth spurt? when is the male adolescent growth spurt?

A
  • 50% increase (fasted rate of growth)
  • 10-13 yrs
  • 12-15 yrs
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15
Q

the adolescent growth spurt is influenced by what?

A
  • genetic and hormonal influences
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16
Q

what are the maturity indicators for girls and boys?

A
  • menarche
  • facial and pubic hair
  • changes in voice
  • increase size in reproductive organs
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17
Q

what age of menarche for females has the highest percentage? lowest? middle?

A

16 - 99.7%
10- 2%
12- 43%

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18
Q

what is the prominent feature of puberty

A
  • hormonal activity
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19
Q

Link Nervous System & Endocrine System, Signals Endocrine System to release hormones, part pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

Called “Master Gland” , Regulates Endocrine System, produces Growth Hormone ++ e.g. Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

pituitary

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21
Q

Hastens fusion of epiphyseal growth plates

A

androgens

22
Q

increases rate of cell metabolism, regulates growth

A

thyroxine

23
Q

promotes growth with TyX- size & skeletal maturation

A

growth hormone

24
Q

growth hormone is released from? and enhances>

A

pituitary, enhances uptake of a.a and glucose by muscle tissue

25
Q

what signals the thyroid gland and what does the thyroid release

A
  • hypothalamus, thyroxine
26
Q

thyroxine and GH together increase?

A

body size and completion of maturation

27
Q

adrenal glands release?

A

androgens and cortisol

28
Q

testosterone levels increase how much by age 18 for boys and how much in girls

A

600% increase (18x in boys)

2x in girls

29
Q

estrogen increases how much in girls and how much in boys by age 18

A

8x in girls (10%)

2x in boys

30
Q

as you get older what happens to the ratio of estrogen and testosterone?

A

the ratio shifts, testosterone drops, (beer belly and man boobs)

31
Q

testosterone converts to? which is ?

A

estradiol (most important form of estrogen)

  • -> important for epiphyseal closure of bone growth, primary female sex hormone
  • -> in mails, not produced in testes but in brain and prevents death of sperm
32
Q

2 types of epiphyseal injuries common in adolescents

A

a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction,
(b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis.

33
Q

what are growth plate injuries?

A

fractures in the fusing epiphyseal plate in adolescence and children. Most happen in the lower end of the radius or the lower tibia and fibia
–> bone finishes growing sooner and their growth plates are replaced by solid stronger bone

34
Q

what are the ages most growth plate injuries happen at for girls and boys

A
  • girls: 11-13

- boys: 14-16

35
Q

4 causes of growth plate injuries

A
  1. Competitive sports, impact, acute injuries
  2. Can also be chronic (pitching overuse)
  3. Extreme temperatures
  4. Children born with neurological disorders
36
Q

what are the 6 types of growth plate injuries?

A

Type 1-2 (less severe),
Type 3-4 (surgery),
Type 5 (reconstruction), (poor prognosis)
Type 6 (piece is missing)

37
Q

the distal femur grows ow much per year?

the proximal tibia grows how much per year ?

A
  • 10mm

- 6 mm

38
Q

recommended guidelines for baseball to avoid overuse injuries

A
  • good throwing mechanics
  • avoid radar guns
  • pitcher not also a catcher
  • if pain in shoulder stop until examined
  • inspire youth pictures to have fun and participate in other sports
  • watch/respond to signs of fatigue
  • no competitive overhand throwing for 3-4 months a year (4 recommended especially if competitive)
  • no more than 100 innings per season pitching
  • follow limits for pitch counts/ rest days
  • avoid pitching on multiple teams with overlapping seasons
39
Q

what do we need to build strong bones and increase bone density

A

physical activity and calcium helps!

–> immobility is associated with bone decalcification (BAD)

40
Q

exercise and skeletal health is an interaction between ? (3)

A
  • nutrition, lifestyle and genetics
41
Q

bones start decreases in width after age? approx

A

20 (steady decline)

42
Q

women begins to lose bone mineral at what age? men? stature with age because of?
- increase in postural kyphosis, compression of disks, and de

A
  • 30, 50
43
Q

the interrelationship between weight and height is ? during adolescence and adulthood

A

task specific (increase in body weight is an asset in some sports, and increased fat exerts a negative influence on performance where the body needs to be supported)

44
Q

This refers to a period during the growth spurt where motor performance is disrupted leading to motor incoordination and balance disruption. and is characterized by?

A

adolescent awkwardness, peak height velocity

45
Q

estimated age for girls and boys for adolescent awkwardness

A 
boys = 13.7 
girls = 11.8
46
Q

is adolescent awkwardness phenomena universal?

A

NO

47
Q 
equation for BMI = 
BMI for the following: 
- healthy adult: 
- underweight: 
- overweight: 
- obese: 
- Morbidly obese:
A

= weight (kg) / Height (m^2)

  • 18.5-24.9
  • <18.5
  • 25.29.9
  • =/> 30
  • =/>40
48
Q

BMI-for- age is best used as a guide to determine individual nutritional status for what population?

A

children and adolescent

49
Q

what are the BMI for weight status corresponding percentiles?

A
  • underweight: <5th
  • healthy weight: 5th=/<85th
  • overweight: 85th=<95th
  • obese: =/> 95th
50
Q

. For children and teens, BMI age- and sex-specific percentiles are used for two reasons

A
  1. The amount of body fat changes with age.
  2. The amount of body fat differs between girls and boys
    (The CDC BMI-for-age growth charts take into account these differences and allow translation of a BMI number into a percentile for a child’s sex and age)
51
Q

the BMI for adults is interpreted by means that do not take into account:

A

sex or age

EPHE 346 (5 decks)

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