Physical Growth Changes Implications Flashcards
describe the speed of development at each stage
- gestation
- early childhood
- middle- late
- adolescents
- adulthood
- rapid
- steady
- calm before the storm
- physical and biological changes
- steady until regression
what pattern does development occur?
cephalocaudal (head to toes) and proximodistal (inwards to outwards)
14 days after conception, cells divide and differentiate; and attachment of ovum to wall of the uterus
germinal period
Rapid growth, CNS relatively developed, human form, organ development (eyes ears nose)
embryonic period
Growth spurt in lower body, internal organs functioning
fetal period
what are the 3 periods of prenatal development and their time lengths
germinal (14 days after conception)
embryonic (8 weeks)
Fetal period (2+months)
when is the age of viability? and what does it mean to be viable
7 months: internal organs are functioning, brain can regulate breathing, body temp and swallowing
what is formed at about 4 weeks and 8 weeks prenataly
4: limbs are formed and heart beat begins
8: eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes, human form taken shape
How long and how much does the fetus weigh at 9 weeks? and at birth?
9: 76mm , 28g
birth: 50.8cm , 3.2 kg
at birth, a babies head proportion is what fraction of stature? and there leg stature?
whereas as an adult your head is ? and your legs are?
- 2/8 and 3/8
- 1/8 and 4/8
what are the growth rates form birth to adulthood of head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs
- head x 2
- trunk X 3
- upper x 4
- lower x 5
implication of growing inward to outward?
affects motor control
what are the 2 growth curves?
- distance curve (how much they have grown) (always increasing)(predictable) (height or weight vs age)
- velocity curve (rate of growing per day)( starts high, decreasing until age 2 steady till puberty where it increases then decreases until terminal at age 20 (cm/yr vs age)
what is a typical growth rate of females during the first year. when is their adolescent growth spurt? when is the male adolescent growth spurt?
- 50% increase (fasted rate of growth)
- 10-13 yrs
- 12-15 yrs
the adolescent growth spurt is influenced by what?
- genetic and hormonal influences
what are the maturity indicators for girls and boys?
- menarche
- facial and pubic hair
- changes in voice
- increase size in reproductive organs
what age of menarche for females has the highest percentage? lowest? middle?
16 - 99.7%
10- 2%
12- 43%
what is the prominent feature of puberty
- hormonal activity
Link Nervous System & Endocrine System, Signals Endocrine System to release hormones, part pituitary
hypothalamus
Called “Master Gland” , Regulates Endocrine System, produces Growth Hormone ++ e.g. Thyroid stimulating hormone
pituitary
Hastens fusion of epiphyseal growth plates
androgens
increases rate of cell metabolism, regulates growth
thyroxine
promotes growth with TyX- size & skeletal maturation
growth hormone
growth hormone is released from? and enhances>
pituitary, enhances uptake of a.a and glucose by muscle tissue
what signals the thyroid gland and what does the thyroid release
- hypothalamus, thyroxine
thyroxine and GH together increase?
body size and completion of maturation
adrenal glands release?
androgens and cortisol
testosterone levels increase how much by age 18 for boys and how much in girls
600% increase (18x in boys)
2x in girls
estrogen increases how much in girls and how much in boys by age 18
8x in girls (10%)
2x in boys
as you get older what happens to the ratio of estrogen and testosterone?
the ratio shifts, testosterone drops, (beer belly and man boobs)
testosterone converts to? which is ?
estradiol (most important form of estrogen)
- -> important for epiphyseal closure of bone growth, primary female sex hormone
- -> in mails, not produced in testes but in brain and prevents death of sperm
2 types of epiphyseal injuries common in adolescents
a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction,
(b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis.
what are growth plate injuries?
fractures in the fusing epiphyseal plate in adolescence and children. Most happen in the lower end of the radius or the lower tibia and fibia
–> bone finishes growing sooner and their growth plates are replaced by solid stronger bone
what are the ages most growth plate injuries happen at for girls and boys
- girls: 11-13
- boys: 14-16
4 causes of growth plate injuries
- Competitive sports, impact, acute injuries
- Can also be chronic (pitching overuse)
- Extreme temperatures
- Children born with neurological disorders
what are the 6 types of growth plate injuries?
Type 1-2 (less severe),
Type 3-4 (surgery),
Type 5 (reconstruction), (poor prognosis)
Type 6 (piece is missing)
the distal femur grows ow much per year?
the proximal tibia grows how much per year ?
- 10mm
- 6 mm
recommended guidelines for baseball to avoid overuse injuries
- good throwing mechanics
- avoid radar guns
- pitcher not also a catcher
- if pain in shoulder stop until examined
- inspire youth pictures to have fun and participate in other sports
- watch/respond to signs of fatigue
- no competitive overhand throwing for 3-4 months a year (4 recommended especially if competitive)
- no more than 100 innings per season pitching
- follow limits for pitch counts/ rest days
- avoid pitching on multiple teams with overlapping seasons
what do we need to build strong bones and increase bone density
physical activity and calcium helps!
–> immobility is associated with bone decalcification (BAD)
exercise and skeletal health is an interaction between ? (3)
- nutrition, lifestyle and genetics
bones start decreases in width after age? approx
20 (steady decline)
women begins to lose bone mineral at what age? men? stature with age because of?
- increase in postural kyphosis, compression of disks, and de
- 30, 50
the interrelationship between weight and height is ? during adolescence and adulthood
task specific (increase in body weight is an asset in some sports, and increased fat exerts a negative influence on performance where the body needs to be supported)
This refers to a period during the growth spurt where motor performance is disrupted leading to motor incoordination and balance disruption. and is characterized by?
adolescent awkwardness, peak height velocity
estimated age for girls and boys for adolescent awkwardness
boys = 13.7 girls = 11.8
is adolescent awkwardness phenomena universal?
NO
equation for BMI = BMI for the following: - healthy adult: - underweight: - overweight: - obese: - Morbidly obese:
= weight (kg) / Height (m^2)
- 18.5-24.9
- <18.5
- 25.29.9
- =/> 30
- =/>40
BMI-for- age is best used as a guide to determine individual nutritional status for what population?
children and adolescent
what are the BMI for weight status corresponding percentiles?
- underweight: <5th
- healthy weight: 5th=/<85th
- overweight: 85th=<95th
- obese: =/> 95th
. For children and teens, BMI age- and sex-specific percentiles are used for two reasons
- The amount of body fat changes with age.
- The amount of body fat differs between girls and boys
(The CDC BMI-for-age growth charts take into account these differences and allow translation of a BMI number into a percentile for a child’s sex and age)
the BMI for adults is interpreted by means that do not take into account:
sex or age
