Physical Growth Changes Implications

Question 1

describe the speed of development at each stage

• gestation
• early childhood
• middle- late
• adolescents
• adulthood

Answer 1

• rapid
• steady
• calm before the storm
• physical and biological changes
• steady until regression

Question 2

what pattern does development occur?

Answer 2

cephalocaudal (head to toes) and proximodistal (inwards to outwards)

Question 3

14 days after conception, cells divide and differentiate; and attachment of ovum to wall of the uterus

Answer 3

germinal period

Question 4

Rapid growth, CNS relatively developed, human form, organ development (eyes ears nose)

Answer 4

embryonic period

Question 5

Growth spurt in lower body, internal organs functioning

Answer 5

fetal period

Question 6

what are the 3 periods of prenatal development and their time lengths

Answer 6

germinal (14 days after conception)
embryonic (8 weeks)
Fetal period (2+months)

Question 7

when is the age of viability? and what does it mean to be viable

Answer 7

7 months: internal organs are functioning, brain can regulate breathing, body temp and swallowing

Question 8

what is formed at about 4 weeks and 8 weeks prenataly

Answer 8

4: limbs are formed and heart beat begins
8: eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers, toes, human form taken shape

Question 9

How long and how much does the fetus weigh at 9 weeks? and at birth?

Answer 9

9: 76mm , 28g
birth: 50.8cm , 3.2 kg

Question 10

at birth, a babies head proportion is what fraction of stature? and there leg stature?
whereas as an adult your head is ? and your legs are?

Answer 10

• 2/8 and 3/8

- 1/8 and 4/8

Question 11

what are the growth rates form birth to adulthood of head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs

Answer 11

• head x 2
• trunk X 3
• upper x 4
• lower x 5

Question 12

implication of growing inward to outward?

Answer 12

affects motor control

Question 13

what are the 2 growth curves?

Answer 13

1. distance curve (how much they have grown) (always increasing)(predictable) (height or weight vs age)
2. velocity curve (rate of growing per day)( starts high, decreasing until age 2 steady till puberty where it increases then decreases until terminal at age 20 (cm/yr vs age)

Question 14

what is a typical growth rate of females during the first year. when is their adolescent growth spurt? when is the male adolescent growth spurt?

Answer 14

• 50% increase (fasted rate of growth)
• 10-13 yrs
• 12-15 yrs

Question 15

the adolescent growth spurt is influenced by what?

Answer 15

• genetic and hormonal influences

Question 16

what are the maturity indicators for girls and boys?

Answer 16

• menarche
• facial and pubic hair
• changes in voice
• increase size in reproductive organs

Question 17

what age of menarche for females has the highest percentage? lowest? middle?

Answer 17

16 - 99.7%
10- 2%
12- 43%

Question 18

what is the prominent feature of puberty

Answer 18

• hormonal activity

Question 19

Link Nervous System & Endocrine System, Signals Endocrine System to release hormones, part pituitary

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

Called “Master Gland” , Regulates Endocrine System, produces Growth Hormone ++ e.g. Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 20

pituitary

Question 21

Hastens fusion of epiphyseal growth plates

Answer 21

androgens

Question 22

increases rate of cell metabolism, regulates growth

Answer 22

thyroxine

Question 23

promotes growth with TyX- size & skeletal maturation

Answer 23

growth hormone

Question 24

growth hormone is released from? and enhances>

Answer 24

pituitary, enhances uptake of a.a and glucose by muscle tissue

Question 25

what signals the thyroid gland and what does the thyroid release

Answer 25

- hypothalamus, thyroxine

Question 26

thyroxine and GH together increase?

Answer 26

body size and completion of maturation

Question 27

adrenal glands release?

Answer 27

androgens and cortisol

Question 28

testosterone levels increase how much by age 18 for boys and how much in girls

Answer 28

600% increase (18x in boys) | 2x in girls

Question 29

estrogen increases how much in girls and how much in boys by age 18

Answer 29

8x in girls (10%) | 2x in boys

Question 30

as you get older what happens to the ratio of estrogen and testosterone?

Answer 30

the ratio shifts, testosterone drops, (beer belly and man boobs)

Question 31

testosterone converts to? which is ?

Answer 31

estradiol (most important form of estrogen) - -> important for epiphyseal closure of bone growth, primary female sex hormone - -> in mails, not produced in testes but in brain and prevents death of sperm

Question 32

2 types of epiphyseal injuries common in adolescents

Answer 32

a) separation across the epiphyseal plate, which is usually produced by a direct blow to the joint area or by a strong muscular contraction, (b) traumatic epiphysitis, the more common of the two, which is usually caused by strong, repetitive contraction of a muscle attached to a traction epiphysis.

Question 33

what are growth plate injuries?

Answer 33

fractures in the fusing epiphyseal plate in adolescence and children. Most happen in the lower end of the radius or the lower tibia and fibia --> bone finishes growing sooner and their growth plates are replaced by solid stronger bone

Question 34

what are the ages most growth plate injuries happen at for girls and boys

Answer 34

- girls: 11-13 | - boys: 14-16

Question 35

4 causes of growth plate injuries

Answer 35

1. Competitive sports, impact, acute injuries 2. Can also be chronic (pitching overuse) 3. Extreme temperatures 4. Children born with neurological disorders

Question 36

what are the 6 types of growth plate injuries?

Answer 36

Type 1-2 (less severe), Type 3-4 (surgery), Type 5 (reconstruction), (poor prognosis) Type 6 (piece is missing)

Question 37

the distal femur grows ow much per year? | the proximal tibia grows how much per year ?

Answer 37

- 10mm | - 6 mm

Question 38

recommended guidelines for baseball to avoid overuse injuries

Answer 38

- good throwing mechanics - avoid radar guns - pitcher not also a catcher - if pain in shoulder stop until examined - inspire youth pictures to have fun and participate in other sports - watch/respond to signs of fatigue - no competitive overhand throwing for 3-4 months a year (4 recommended especially if competitive) - no more than 100 innings per season pitching - follow limits for pitch counts/ rest days - avoid pitching on multiple teams with overlapping seasons

Question 39

what do we need to build strong bones and increase bone density

Answer 39

physical activity and calcium helps! | --> immobility is associated with bone decalcification (BAD)

Question 40

exercise and skeletal health is an interaction between ? (3)

Answer 40

- nutrition, lifestyle and genetics

Question 41

bones start decreases in width after age? approx

Answer 41

20 (steady decline)

Question 42

women begins to lose bone mineral at what age? men? stature with age because of? - increase in postural kyphosis, compression of disks, and de

Answer 42

- 30, 50

Question 43

the interrelationship between weight and height is ? during adolescence and adulthood

Answer 43

task specific (increase in body weight is an asset in some sports, and increased fat exerts a negative influence on performance where the body needs to be supported)

Question 44

This refers to a period during the growth spurt where motor performance is disrupted leading to motor incoordination and balance disruption. and is characterized by?

Answer 44

adolescent awkwardness, peak height velocity

Question 45

estimated age for girls and boys for adolescent awkwardness

Answer 45

``` boys = 13.7 girls = 11.8 ```

Question 46

is adolescent awkwardness phenomena universal?

Answer 46

NO

Question 47

``` equation for BMI = BMI for the following: - healthy adult: - underweight: - overweight: - obese: - Morbidly obese: ```

Answer 47

= weight (kg) / Height (m^2) - 18.5-24.9 - <18.5 - 25.29.9 - =/> 30 - =/>40

Question 48

BMI-for- age is best used as a guide to determine individual nutritional status for what population?

Answer 48

children and adolescent

Question 49

what are the BMI for weight status corresponding percentiles?

Answer 49

- underweight: <5th - healthy weight: 5th=/<85th - overweight: 85th=<95th - obese: =/> 95th

Question 50

. For children and teens, BMI age- and sex-specific percentiles are used for two reasons

Answer 50

1. The amount of body fat changes with age. 2. The amount of body fat differs between girls and boys (The CDC BMI-for-age growth charts take into account these differences and allow translation of a BMI number into a percentile for a child’s sex and age)

Question 51

the BMI for adults is interpreted by means that do not take into account:

Answer 51

sex or age