Factors Affecting Growth and Development Flashcards
list 5 internal (maternal) influence on development
- maternal age (<16, >35)
- nutrition (well balanced iron, calcium, folic acid)
- genetic related abnormalities
- fetal position
- maternal stress (fear-adreneline-restrict blood flow; moderate stress? (you want to be mellow when going into labour)
list 3 external teratogenic agents harming development
- infection and disease
- drugs and chemicals
- radiation
what happens to carcinogens from cigarettes when they enter the body during pregnancy? what agents does it have and why is this bad?
end up in blood flow, can cross the membrane (placenta) and end up in developing fetus
- its contains nicotine which can cause the baby to be born addicted
- carbon monoxide whcih is toxic to the O2, so decreases O2 in the mothers blood and the fetus gets less
what birth defects can children exposed to carcinogens prenatally end up with?
- premature, low birth weight, very low birth weight
- atrial septal defect (hole in the heart)
aspirin while pregnant can lead to?
maternal and fetal bleeding
cocaine while pregnant does what?
- easily crosses membrane, and amplifies physical and mental abnormalities
- smaller head, smaller brain, lower IQ
- birth defects, stroke, brain damage
name 3 pathogens and what they do
- HIV: while pregnant baby will get the virus
- rubella: metabolic processes
- radiation- ionized form of radiation (xray) can lead to abnormalities and cancers
there is research that people can have babies at older ages now to due to advances in?
nutrition
if a baby does not get enough amino acids what can this lead to?
spinabifida
a baby needs vitamins prenatally for proper functioning of? and too much vitamins can lead to?
- CNS
- improper development of the fetus
Most common birth defect -in the spine, failure of the spinal cord to close.
–> what does it look like?
spinabifida
-cerebellum gets wedged onto the neck , the CSF leaks out the back of the spinal cord so the back side of the brain gets sucked down into the upper part f the spinal cord, CSF can no longer get past blockage
what does life with spinobifida look like?
- life long battle of disability
- shunt (used to help symptoms) can lead to infection, difficulties with apnea (forgetting to breathe), wheel chair dependent, lack of bowel control, lack of innervation to feet and ankles
what can reduce your risk of spinabifida by 50-70%
vitamin B folic acid
needed to make new healthy cells
women need to take folic acid everyday starting when? and how much everyday?
before they are pregnant!
- 0.4mg
the sensitive period for neural tube defects last until what week of prenatal development?
16 (4 months)
what causes atrioventricular canal defect?
the heart begins as a hollow tube, then partitions form within the tube that eventually become the septa (or walls) dividing the right side of the heart from the left. Atrial and ventricular septal defects occur when the partitioning process does not occur completely, leaving openings in the atrial and ventricular septum .
- could also be genetic involved (is a link between it a downsyndrome)
5 diagnosis under the FAS umbrella?
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) with confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) without confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure
- Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS)
- Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
- Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD
full FAS is characterized by?
- growth defeciency with height or weight below 10th percentile
- small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip
- CNS damage
- effects how the learn (usually IQ is 90, but normaly cannot perform at this level)
- A tranquilizing drug, help ppl relax etc (like aspirin)
- Responsible for causing over 5000 malformed births
- Malformed arms, lack of outer ear, missing bones, some with no effects
- Banned in 1962
thalidomide
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 22-24 days
Microtia (meaning ‘Small ear’) is a congenital deformity of the pinna (outer ear
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 24-29 days
Amelia, upper limbs (congenital absence of an arm or leg)
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 21-26 days
Thumb aplasia (failure of some tissue or organ to develop)
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 24-33 days
phocomelia, upper limbs
–> abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 23-34 days
hip dislocation
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 27-31 days
amelia, lower limbs
–> congenital absence of an arm or leg
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 25-31 days
preaxial aplasia, upper limb
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 28-33 days
preaxial aplasia, lower limb
–> Situated in front of or superior to the median axis of the body or a body part
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 28-33 days
phocomelia, lower limb, femoral and girdle hypoplasia
–abnormality of development in which the upper part of an arm or leg is missing so the hands or feet are attached to the body like stumps
what defect is most likely to occur with exposure to thalidomide during this developmental stage: 33-36 days
triphalangeal thumb (polysyndactyly syndrome) --> webbed fingers and a thumb that has 3 bones instead of 2
what is the chief contributor to infant illness and mortality
low birth weight
what weight is considered low birth weigh, very low birth weight, extremely low birth weight ?
- under 5.5 lbs (2500g)
- under 3.3 lbs (1500g)
- under 2.2 lbs (1000g)
3 primary causes of low birth weight:
- nutrition
- smoking
- alcohol
- drugs
born pre mature means you were born before how many weeks? very premature is before ? ad extremely premature is before?
- 38 weeks
- 32 weeks
- 28 weeks
children who were born premature, were they caught up developmentally by kindergarten?
yes
premature babies have immature? (3)
- respiratory
- temperature control
- immune system
Bayley Scales of Infant Development is used to measure ?
- fine and gross motor skill
- language (receptive and expressive)
- cognitive development
- -> in toddlers ages 0-3
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency is a ? test that measures?
- norm referenced
- fine and gross motor skills for ages 4-21,
- fine precision, fine motor integration, manual dexterity, bilateral coordination, balance, running speed, agility, upper limb coordination, strength
behavioural challenges of premature/low birth weight children
- 2.65 fold risk of developing ADHD
- aggression, disrupted behaviors
- high rate of depressive disorders in adolescence
- anxiety
intellectual challenges of children born premature/ low birth weight
- learning disorders
- impaired executive function
- non verbal learning disorders
- poor academic achievement
- persist into adolescents
- induce low self esteem, insecurity triggering emotional and bahvioural problems
social functioning challenges of children born premature or low birth weight
- ADHD (impulsive, cant wait turns etc)
- over protective parenting
- difficulty in non verbal communication and learning skills (difficult picking up cues)
- teens less confident in sports, school, jobs, and in establishing romantic relationships
school problems fro children born premature or low birth weight
- need for special schooling, education below age level, special support, poor performance
nutritional considerations of postnatal development
- vital to physical growth and motor development
- inadequate intake of nutrients prenatally affects development of mental and motor behaviour
- critical for development of muscle tissue during puberty
- too much fat, refined sugar, and salt = obesity
what were graphs showing mean weight and heights like compared to well nourished vs mal nourished children.
length and weight was lower through all stages and got worse as age increased to 17 years of age
The human power” to stabilize and return” to a predetermined behaviour or growth pattern “after being pushed off trajectory”
catch up
after anorexia before age 2, when was catch up seen in growth? (according to graph)
catch up was seen between ages 1-3
the degree of recovery (catch up) depends on? ((7)
- nature of deprivation
- severity
- length
- time of deprivation
- stage of development (early is worse)
- environmental/nutrition on realignment
- bone maturation and density can lag behind bone growth
what happens when you break the chain of sitting for long periods of time?
–> what is the significance of this?
you get decreased levels of glucose and lower heart rate over time
– even with low low PA you can still get benefits
what percent of boys and and girls meet the PA guidelines in canada
- 9% boys
- 4% girls
what province in canada shows the highest percentage of overweight (age 2-17) , and the lowest?
- what percent is BC?
- manitoba
- alberta
- 26%
how much PA a day should children 5-11 years get
60 minutes of moderate to vigorous and vigorous 3 days a week as well as activities that strengthen muscle 3 days a week
Practices that are habitual or additional to normal movement or irregular patterns of play and recreation have what affect on stature?
no apparent effect of stature
individuals who engage in regular PA develop more what?
lean body mass and less body fat
regular PA enhances skeletal what? but does not affect skeletal?
skeletal mineralization and density but not maturity
regular PA increases muscular? and results in ?
force capabilities in adults and post pubertal children
–> improved balance, coordination, speed, power, agility
does physical activity affect the secular trend for menarche, but high intensity physical training may be a factor in ? menarche
NO
- delayed
