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EPHE 346 > Early Movement Behaviour > Flashcards

Early Movement Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what are reflexes

, where are they controlled?

A

involuntary movement reactions elicited by sensory stimuli

- subcortical areas

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2
Q

how many reflexes are there, and when do most of them disappear by?

A

-27, by age 6-12 months

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3
Q

when might reflexes emerge?

A

with neurological damage

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4
Q

what type of reflexes are automatic movements executed with out thinking?

A

primitive reflexes

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5
Q

how do primitives contribute to birthing process?

A

they are essential for the infants survival in the first months of life and provide training for many skills later

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6
Q

primitive reflexes are considered ? if they remain active beyond the first year of life
–> this is a sign of?

A

aberrant

- sign of central nervous system immaturity which can have a great impact on learning development and behaviour

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7
Q

what should happen to primitive and postural reflexes between ages 6-12 months?

A

they should be inhibited by the brain allowing more sophisticated neural structures to develop

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8
Q

motor control lays the foundation for? and we acquire new skills by ?

A
  • learning and self control

- moving our bodies intentionally

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9
Q

why do we need to have intentional control of our muscles?

A

When those muscles obey an unconscious reflex instead of responding to our intention, then the activity is confusing and cannot become an automatic learned skill.

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10
Q

academic learning depends on?

- if this doesn’t happen?

A

auto-mization of basic skills at their physical level
–> reversals in reading/writing, poor impulse control, difficulty reading body language
, unsatisfactory peer relationships despite good intelligence

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11
Q

there is an association between development of multiple primitive reflexes and the emergence of?
–> may be due to ?

A

delirium
–> CHS dysfunction
(PRs are associated with CNS pathology)

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12
Q

3 importances of reflexes

A
  1. stimulate CNS and muscles
  2. role in infant survival
  3. used as a diagnostic tool for assessing neurological maturity
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13
Q

there is a discussion on whether there is a link between reflexes and ?

A

later voluntary movement

ex, swim reflex, they start to kick when put over water (they are our first mode os stimulation)

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14
Q

explain continuous development

A

motor changes occur in a linear fashion during an individual’s life and that each change is dependent on the development of the prior period.

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15
Q

explain discontinuous development

A

each stage of motor development has a new and unique feature that is added to distinguish it from the previous stage.

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16
Q

during continuity development there is gradual accumulation of? and it is?

A
  • behaviour
  • skill
  • knowledge
  • -> smooth orderly transitional
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17
Q

during discontinuity development, behavior and skills change how? it is known as ? development

A
  • qualitatively
  • ‘stage’ developement
    (knowledge and behaviour characterize development at a particular point in time)
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18
Q

phases help you get to each?

A

stage (when you look at it at a big scale it looks very discontinuous but when you look at shorter windows youll see its a gradual process)

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19
Q

is development continuous or discontinuous?

A

it is made up of both

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20
Q

reflexes help determine the level of? ex?

A

neurological maturation

–> moro reflex,

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21
Q

reflexes may signify a cerebral birth defect if ?

- ex?

A
  • lacking or asymmetrical

- -> asymmetric tonic neck reflex

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22
Q

if reflexes lack or are asymmetrical beyond 4-5 months they may indicate?

A

-cerebral palsy or other neurological problem

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23
Q

4 types of reflexes and what they are

A
  1. primitive: survival and protection
  2. postural: reaction to gravity
  3. locomotor: resemble voluntary locomotion (ex, pressure on babies foot)
  4. tendon reflex: evaluate neuromuscular response
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24
Q

what 4 reflexes emerge prior to birth?

A

sucking (4 months) , moro, palmar grasp, tonic neck (7 months)

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25
Q

what 4 reflexes emerge at the time of birth?

A

rooting, babkin, babinski, crawling

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26
Q

what 2 reflexes emerge at 2 months?

A

head and body righting, labyrinthine righting

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27
Q

what 2 reflexes occur at 3 months

A

plantar grasp, pull up

28
Q

what 2 reflexes emerge at 1 month

A

stepping, swimming

29
Q

what reflex emerges at 4 months

A

parachute

30
Q

primitive reflexes are important for? (3)

A
  1. protection
  2. nutrition (sucking and rooting)
  3. survival
31
Q

name 5 primitive reflexes? when are they supressed?

A

sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, tonic neck

–> 3-4 months after birth

32
Q

Protective response—if infant starts to fall, arms and legs extend outward, hands open, fingers spread

A

moro reflex

33
Q

As the higher brain centres begin to function, postural reactions enter the infant’s repertoire
–> this gives the infant the ability to ?

A

react to gravitational forces and changes in equilibrium

34
Q

Related to upright posture , Head tilts in the opposite direction of body tilt , Babies corrects

A

labyrinthine reflex

35
Q

when does the labyrinthine reflex emerge? and it endure through?

A
  • 2 months

- through 1st year of life

36
Q

5 locomotor reflexes

–> what do they resemble?

A
  1. grasping
  2. crawling
  3. stepping
  4. swimming
    - -> later voluntary locomotor movements
37
Q

when are locomotor reflexes integrated?

A

5-6 months

38
Q

touch side of mouth they turn and suck what ever touched their mouth

A

rooting reflex

39
Q

Pressure on sole of foot from touching a flat surface elicits crude stepping
–> when does this reflex occur? and disappear?

A

stepping reflex

  • end of first prenatal week,
  • 4 months
40
Q

toes flaring out

A

babinsky reflex

41
Q

what can babies with downsyndrome do to help elicit these reflexes faster to make them walk sooner

A

-walk on baby treadmill with help

42
Q

what are stereotypies

A
  • Stereotypic rhythmic (repetitive) motions that appear in the absence of any known stimuli
  • -> Not voluntary or goal-oriented However, appearance predictable and orderly
43
Q

stereotypies are ? behaviours and are observed at what fetal week, and peak between how many months of age?

A
  • transitional
  • 10th fetal weak
  • 6-10 months
44
Q

when babies get excited and flail they arms they are displaying what?

A

stereotypie behaviour

45
Q

7 common stereotypies

A
  • alternate leg kicking
  • single leg kicking
  • kicking with both legs together
  • arm waving with object
  • rocking on hands and knees
  • arm banging against surface
  • finger flex
46
Q

Initial voluntary movement responses

A

rudimentary behaviour

47
Q

rudimentary behaviours appear in a very ? sequence

–> when?

A

predictable

- form birth to 2 years

48
Q

the timing of rudimentary behaviour is influenced by?

A
  • environment and affordances
49
Q

rudimentary locomotion is?

A

a stage of development, putting together reflexes

50
Q

postural control, manual control and rudimentary locomotion are all examples of?

A

rudimentary behaviour

51
Q

sequence of head and upper trunk rudimentary postural control

A
  1. holds head erect voluntarily ( 1 month)
  2. holds head and chin up (2 months)
  3. holds chest up with arm support (3 months)
  4. elevates head when supine (4-5 months)
52
Q

sequence of rolls

A
  1. side to back (2 months)
  2. back to side/ stomach to side (3-4 months)
  3. back to stomach (5-6 months)
  4. stomach to back (8 months)
53
Q

sequence of sits

A
  1. with support (304 months)
  2. alone (5.5-6.5 months)
  3. gets into sitting position (8 months)
  4. site down (9 months)
54
Q

do fatter babies show delays?

A

yes

avoid overfeeding babies, they will eat when they are hungry

55
Q

mastering little motor skills will allow babies too?

A
  • explore change and interact with their environment
56
Q

when do babies learn to walk ?

A

12-19 months

57
Q

studies found that novice walkers ? more than expert crawlers but novice walkers ? more than expert crawlers

A
  • fell more

- moved more

58
Q

on average how many times do toddlers fall per hour

A

17 times (babies are stupid) lol

59
Q

sequence of stands

A
  1. holding on (6-8 months)
  2. pulls self to stand (7.5 - 9.5 months)
  3. alone (11-12 months)
60
Q

crawling (dragging body) occurs when?

creeping (on hands and knees) occurs when?

A

6-8 months

-8-10 months

61
Q

crawling and creeping is important for?

A

building up muscles needed for walking and balance

62
Q

perfected walking happens at

A

5 years

63
Q

what is the initial immature walking pattern

A

High guard-arm position, wide base of support, flat- footed contact, and toeing- out

64
Q

with improved balance, what happens to walking posture?

A

the base of support narrows, the arms are lowered and work in opposition to the legs, and the toes point more in a forward direction
- there is a heel strike

65
Q

are baby walkers good?

A

NO! serious injuries

66
Q

the greatest risk of head injuries in children under age 2

A

baby walkers

EPHE 346 (5 decks)

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