Early Movement Behaviour Flashcards
what are reflexes
, where are they controlled?
involuntary movement reactions elicited by sensory stimuli
- subcortical areas
how many reflexes are there, and when do most of them disappear by?
-27, by age 6-12 months
when might reflexes emerge?
with neurological damage
what type of reflexes are automatic movements executed with out thinking?
primitive reflexes
how do primitives contribute to birthing process?
they are essential for the infants survival in the first months of life and provide training for many skills later
primitive reflexes are considered ? if they remain active beyond the first year of life
–> this is a sign of?
aberrant
- sign of central nervous system immaturity which can have a great impact on learning development and behaviour
what should happen to primitive and postural reflexes between ages 6-12 months?
they should be inhibited by the brain allowing more sophisticated neural structures to develop
motor control lays the foundation for? and we acquire new skills by ?
- learning and self control
- moving our bodies intentionally
why do we need to have intentional control of our muscles?
When those muscles obey an unconscious reflex instead of responding to our intention, then the activity is confusing and cannot become an automatic learned skill.
academic learning depends on?
- if this doesn’t happen?
auto-mization of basic skills at their physical level
–> reversals in reading/writing, poor impulse control, difficulty reading body language
, unsatisfactory peer relationships despite good intelligence
there is an association between development of multiple primitive reflexes and the emergence of?
–> may be due to ?
delirium
–> CHS dysfunction
(PRs are associated with CNS pathology)
3 importances of reflexes
- stimulate CNS and muscles
- role in infant survival
- used as a diagnostic tool for assessing neurological maturity
there is a discussion on whether there is a link between reflexes and ?
later voluntary movement
ex, swim reflex, they start to kick when put over water (they are our first mode os stimulation)
explain continuous development
motor changes occur in a linear fashion during an individual’s life and that each change is dependent on the development of the prior period.
explain discontinuous development
each stage of motor development has a new and unique feature that is added to distinguish it from the previous stage.
during continuity development there is gradual accumulation of? and it is?
- behaviour
- skill
- knowledge
- -> smooth orderly transitional
during discontinuity development, behavior and skills change how? it is known as ? development
- qualitatively
- ‘stage’ developement
(knowledge and behaviour characterize development at a particular point in time)
phases help you get to each?
stage (when you look at it at a big scale it looks very discontinuous but when you look at shorter windows youll see its a gradual process)
is development continuous or discontinuous?
it is made up of both
reflexes help determine the level of? ex?
neurological maturation
–> moro reflex,
reflexes may signify a cerebral birth defect if ?
- ex?
- lacking or asymmetrical
- -> asymmetric tonic neck reflex
if reflexes lack or are asymmetrical beyond 4-5 months they may indicate?
-cerebral palsy or other neurological problem
4 types of reflexes and what they are
- primitive: survival and protection
- postural: reaction to gravity
- locomotor: resemble voluntary locomotion (ex, pressure on babies foot)
- tendon reflex: evaluate neuromuscular response
what 4 reflexes emerge prior to birth?
sucking (4 months) , moro, palmar grasp, tonic neck (7 months)
what 4 reflexes emerge at the time of birth?
rooting, babkin, babinski, crawling
what 2 reflexes emerge at 2 months?
head and body righting, labyrinthine righting
what 2 reflexes occur at 3 months
plantar grasp, pull up
what 2 reflexes emerge at 1 month
stepping, swimming
what reflex emerges at 4 months
parachute
primitive reflexes are important for? (3)
- protection
- nutrition (sucking and rooting)
- survival
name 5 primitive reflexes? when are they supressed?
sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, tonic neck
–> 3-4 months after birth
Protective response—if infant starts to fall, arms and legs extend outward, hands open, fingers spread
moro reflex
As the higher brain centres begin to function, postural reactions enter the infant’s repertoire
–> this gives the infant the ability to ?
react to gravitational forces and changes in equilibrium
Related to upright posture , Head tilts in the opposite direction of body tilt , Babies corrects
labyrinthine reflex
when does the labyrinthine reflex emerge? and it endure through?
- 2 months
- through 1st year of life
5 locomotor reflexes
–> what do they resemble?
- grasping
- crawling
- stepping
- swimming
- -> later voluntary locomotor movements
when are locomotor reflexes integrated?
5-6 months
touch side of mouth they turn and suck what ever touched their mouth
rooting reflex
Pressure on sole of foot from touching a flat surface elicits crude stepping
–> when does this reflex occur? and disappear?
stepping reflex
- end of first prenatal week,
- 4 months
toes flaring out
babinsky reflex
what can babies with downsyndrome do to help elicit these reflexes faster to make them walk sooner
-walk on baby treadmill with help
what are stereotypies
- Stereotypic rhythmic (repetitive) motions that appear in the absence of any known stimuli
- -> Not voluntary or goal-oriented However, appearance predictable and orderly
stereotypies are ? behaviours and are observed at what fetal week, and peak between how many months of age?
- transitional
- 10th fetal weak
- 6-10 months
when babies get excited and flail they arms they are displaying what?
stereotypie behaviour
7 common stereotypies
- alternate leg kicking
- single leg kicking
- kicking with both legs together
- arm waving with object
- rocking on hands and knees
- arm banging against surface
- finger flex
Initial voluntary movement responses
rudimentary behaviour
rudimentary behaviours appear in a very ? sequence
–> when?
predictable
- form birth to 2 years
the timing of rudimentary behaviour is influenced by?
- environment and affordances
rudimentary locomotion is?
a stage of development, putting together reflexes
postural control, manual control and rudimentary locomotion are all examples of?
rudimentary behaviour
sequence of head and upper trunk rudimentary postural control
- holds head erect voluntarily ( 1 month)
- holds head and chin up (2 months)
- holds chest up with arm support (3 months)
- elevates head when supine (4-5 months)
sequence of rolls
- side to back (2 months)
- back to side/ stomach to side (3-4 months)
- back to stomach (5-6 months)
- stomach to back (8 months)
sequence of sits
- with support (304 months)
- alone (5.5-6.5 months)
- gets into sitting position (8 months)
- site down (9 months)
do fatter babies show delays?
yes
avoid overfeeding babies, they will eat when they are hungry
mastering little motor skills will allow babies too?
- explore change and interact with their environment
when do babies learn to walk ?
12-19 months
studies found that novice walkers ? more than expert crawlers but novice walkers ? more than expert crawlers
- fell more
- moved more
on average how many times do toddlers fall per hour
17 times (babies are stupid) lol
sequence of stands
- holding on (6-8 months)
- pulls self to stand (7.5 - 9.5 months)
- alone (11-12 months)
crawling (dragging body) occurs when?
creeping (on hands and knees) occurs when?
6-8 months
-8-10 months
crawling and creeping is important for?
building up muscles needed for walking and balance
perfected walking happens at
5 years
what is the initial immature walking pattern
High guard-arm position, wide base of support, flat- footed contact, and toeing- out
with improved balance, what happens to walking posture?
the base of support narrows, the arms are lowered and work in opposition to the legs, and the toes point more in a forward direction
- there is a heel strike
are baby walkers good?
NO! serious injuries
the greatest risk of head injuries in children under age 2
baby walkers
