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HCHS A-level Geography > Physical geography Tectonic Plates > Flashcards

Physical geography Tectonic Plates Flashcards

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1
Q

How thick are continental plates?

A

30-50km thick

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2
Q

How thick are oceanic plates?

A

6-8km thick

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3
Q

What is the temperature of the inner core?

A

5000 C

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4
Q

How old is earth?

A

4.6 billion years old

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5
Q

How fast do tectonic plates move?

A

2-5cm a year

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6
Q

What generates the heat in the core?

A

Radioactive decay

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7
Q

How many main tectonic plates are there?

A

15

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8
Q

Name the currents in the mantle

A

Convection currents

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9
Q

Which plate margin creates fold mountains?

A

Collision

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10
Q

Which plate margin forms shield volcanoes?

A

Constructive

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11
Q

Which plate margin forms composite cones?

A

Destructive

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12
Q

Which plate margin causes most earthquakes?

A

Conservative

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13
Q

Which volcano has andesite lava?

A

Composite cone

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14
Q

Which volcano has basalt lava?

A

Shield

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15
Q

Which scale measures the magnitude of earthquakes?

A

Richter (1-10)

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16
Q

Which scale measures the damage caused?

A

Mercalli (1-12)

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17
Q

When was the MEDC L’Aquilla earthquake?

A

April 2009

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18
Q

How many US $ damage was caused?

A

$16 billion

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19
Q

How many deaths were there?

A

290

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20
Q

When was the LEDC Haiti earthquake?

A

Jan 2010

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21
Q

How many died?

A

220, 000

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22
Q

When did Eyjafjallajokull erupt? (Iceland MEDC)

A

April 2010

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23
Q

How many people were evacuated?

A

800

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24
Q

How many people died?

A

0

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25
Q

When did Niyrogongo erupt?

A

Jan 2002

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26
Q

How many people died?

A

65

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27
Q

How many villages were destroyed?

A

14

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28
Q

When was the Japan Tsunami?

A

Mar-11

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29
Q

How many deaths were there?

A

15, 854

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30
Q

What did it measure on the Richter scale?

A

7.2

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31
Q

Name the 4 natural theories for Climate change

A

Asteroid theory, Milankovic cycle, Sun spot theory, Eruption theory

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32
Q

What does burning fossil fuels create? Give two examples.

A

GHG’s (such as co2 and methane)

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33
Q

How long would the climate change for if Earth was in a Milankovic cycle?

A

Thousands of years

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34
Q

How long would the climate change for if there was a high concentration of sun spots?

A

Hundreds of years

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35
Q

How long would climate change for if an asteroid collided with earth?

A

10-20 years

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36
Q

How long would climate change for if a major volcano erupted?

A

10 years

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37
Q

How many times was the Thames barrier raised between 1984 and 1990

A

4 times

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38
Q

How many times was the Thames barrier raised between 1991 and 2000

A

35 times

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39
Q

What year did Britain drought

A

2003

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40
Q

How hot did the temperatures get?

A

38 degrees

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41
Q

What year did Britain flood

A

2007

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42
Q

How heavy are Megafauna?

A

Over 40kg

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43
Q

Give 3 examples of Megafauna

A

Woolly mammoth , Giant Elk, Sabre tooth tiger

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44
Q

When did they become extinct?

A

10,000 years ago

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45
Q

How much did the climate warm up by

A

6 degrees

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46
Q

When was the little ice age?

A

1400 – 1800 AD

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47
Q

When was the medieval warm period?

A

1000-1400 AD

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48
Q

What percentage of farmers died in the little ice age?

A

10-20%

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49
Q

In the 1998 floods in Bangladesh how much damage was caused?

A

$1 billion

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50
Q

How many people were made homeless?

A

700,000

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51
Q

Name two goods

A

Timber, gold

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52
Q

Name two services

A

Regulates the atmosphere, Regulates soil health, Regulates the hydrological cycle

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53
Q

How many metres does it take for a temperature change of 1 degree

A

100m

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54
Q

Name a permeable rock

A

Limestone

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55
Q

Name an impermeable rock

A

Granite

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56
Q

Between which latitudes are the tropical rainforests found?

A

0-15 degrees N/S of the equator

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57
Q

What is the annual precipitation rate in the UK

A

800mm

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58
Q

What is the annual precipitation rate in the Amazon?

A

2250mm

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59
Q

Name three top down ways pf protecting biomes

A

National Parks, CITES, RAMSAR

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60
Q

Name thee bottom up ways of protecting biomes

A

Ecotourism, World wildlife fund, Afforestation

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61
Q

How much is Brazil’s population expected to rise by in the next 40 years?

A

25%

62
Q

How much is lost per second?

A

1 acre (2 US football fields)

63
Q

What is the Latitude of London?

A

53 degrees north

64
Q

What percent of England’s forests were left by 1919?

A

5%

65
Q

How old are some of the trees in Windsor forest?

A

500

66
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

Someone who uses a biome for their own use, fishing etc.

67
Q

How big is Winsor forest?

A

3,100 hectares

68
Q

How many oak and beech trees does Windsor forest have?

A

900

69
Q

What is the difference between a coniferous tree and a deciduous tree?

A

Coniferous tree- does not shed its leaves. Deciduous tree- sheds its leaves

70
Q

At which latitude are desert biomes found?

A

15-30 degrees N/S of the equator

71
Q

Is there a high or low concentration or moisture in the air in desert regions

A

Low

72
Q

How much is population predicted to rise by in Brazil?

A

25% in the next 40 years

73
Q

Give 1 example of a tundra region

A

Artic

74
Q

Define an ecosystem

A

A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment

75
Q

Define a biome

A

A large ecosystem, which makes up the biosphere

76
Q

Name two forms of precipitation

A

Snow, hail, sleet, rain

77
Q

What is evaporation?

A

When water changes state from a liquid to a gas as a result of heat

78
Q

Name a permeable rock

A

Limestone, sandstone

79
Q

Name an impermeable rock

A

Granite, marble

80
Q

What is the difference between infiltration and percolation

A

Infiltration- movement of water through the soil, Percolation- movement of water through permeable rock

81
Q

What are three features of top down development

A

Expensive, doesn’t involve local opinion and large scale

82
Q

When was the three gorges dam constructed?

A

2003-2012

83
Q

How much did it cost?

A

$22.5 billion

84
Q

How many people were displaced?

A

1.3 million

85
Q

How many cities were flooded?

A

13

86
Q

Why was it built?

A

To boost tourism, To create HEP, Prevent flooding

87
Q

Which river was it built across?

A

Yangtze

88
Q

How long has there been no significant rainfall for in Bourke, New South Wales, Australia?

A

6 years

89
Q

What are three impacts of this drought?

A

Loss of crop yields, Loss of farmers businesses and money, Desertification of soil

90
Q

What are three impacts of drought in the Sahel?

A

Deaths, malnutrition/starvation, Desertification

91
Q

Where is the Sahel?

A

A band of countries across northern Africa including Chad

92
Q

How much is a play pump?

A

$14,000

93
Q

How much is a life straw?

A

$25

94
Q

What is an intermediate technology?

A

A small scale, cheap solution which involves local opinion and normally education

95
Q

What are the three ways in which water quality is impacted by human activity?

A

Sewage disposal, Industrial pollution, Plastic bags, Intensive agriculture

96
Q

What are the thee ways water supply can be impacted by human activity?

A

Deforestation, Over abstraction, Reservoir construction

97
Q

What is the average precipitation amount in the UK?

A

800mm per annum

98
Q

How long is the growing season in the Sahel?

A

1-2 months

99
Q

How many people rely on agriculture in the Sahel?

A

02-Mar

100
Q

What is a subsistence farmer?

A

A farmer who farms to create food for themselves – not for profit

101
Q

Define the coast

A

The transitional zone between the land and the sea

102
Q

Name two resistant rocks

A

Granite and dolerite

103
Q

Name two less resistant rocks

A

Sandstone and limestone

104
Q

What is a concordant coast?

A

Where bands of rock run parallel to the coastline and the cliffs erode at a similar rate

105
Q

What is a discordant coast?

A

Where bands of rock run adjacent to the coastline and erode at different rates creating headlands and bays

106
Q

Name an example of a concordant coast

A

The white cliffs of Dover, the UK

107
Q

Name an example of a discordant coast

A

Swanage bay, the UK

108
Q

What is a prevailing wind?

A

The normal wind direction in a place

109
Q

What force determines the direction of backwash?

A

Gravity

110
Q

Define the fetch of a wave

A

The distance over the sea which the wind travels and transfers its energy

111
Q

What is a wave’s amplitude?

A

Its height

112
Q

What is the difference between a destructive and constructive wave?

A

Destructive- small swash and a large backwash. Constructive- large swash and a weak backwash

113
Q

What is a sub-aerial process?

A

When weathering, erosion and mass movement work together to create landforms

114
Q

Name an example of a cave, arch stack and stump

A

Old Harry rocks, Dorset the UK

115
Q

Name an example of a spit

A

Spurn Head, Yorkshire

116
Q

What is the difference between hard and soft engineering

A

Hard- Large, expensive and manmade structures to protect the coastline. Soft- smaller, cheaper and more natural options to protect the coast

117
Q

What are the impacts of cliff retreat?

A

Loss of land, Loss of income, Loss of property value, Loss of business

118
Q

What is the geology of Holderness?

A

Boulder clay

119
Q

How fast is it eroding?

A

1m a month

120
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A

Corrasion/abrasion, Attrition, Solution, Hydraulic action

121
Q

What are the 3 types of mass movement?

A

Slumping, Sliding, Rock fall

122
Q

What are the three types of weathering?

A

Mechanical, Chemical, Biological

123
Q

What are sea levels expected to rise by by 2100 in the UK?

A

30-40cm

124
Q

What is a spit?

A

A depositional landform formed where the coastline changes direction

125
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A depositional landform where a spit connects up to an island

126
Q

How much is a sea wall per metre?

A

£6000 per metre

127
Q

How much does beach replenishment cost per cubic metre?

A

£12

128
Q

What is long shore drift?

A

The process of sediment being transported along the coastline in the direction of the prevailing wind

129
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering- when rocks are broken down but the fragments stay where they fall (in-situ). Erosion- where rocks are broken down but the fragments are taken away by water or wind.

130
Q

What is a wave cut notch?

A

A wave cut notch is a notch formed in a cliff face as a result of erosional processes and waves.

131
Q

What is the temperature range in a glacial environment?

A

-20 to -50

132
Q

What is the temperature range in the tundra?

A

-15 to +20

133
Q

What is the coldest ever temperature recorded in Antarctica?

A

-89

134
Q

What are the minimum and maximum temperatures for an extreme environment?

A

Below 6. Above 30

135
Q

What is the temperature and rainfall in a desert environment?

A

Above 30. Below 250mm per year

136
Q

What is the temperature and rainfall in a rainforest?

A

Above 30. Above 2000mm per year

137
Q

What is the hottest ever recorded temperature?

A

58 degrees in Libya, Africa

138
Q

Give three ways an animal is adapted to arid environments?

A

Kangaroo, Hops- energy efficient, hormonal response to rain triggering mating, obtains water from food

139
Q

What is drought tolerance?

A

Plants which have deep roots such as grasses up to 50m

140
Q

What is drought avoidance?

A

When plants such as sedums only germinate after rain

141
Q

What is succulence?

A

When plants such as cacti absorb and store water

142
Q

Give three ways humans homes can be adapted to cold environments

A

Housing- triple glazing and slated roofs. Clothing – Gore-Tex and modern clothing. Transport- 4 wheel drives and skidoos

143
Q

Give thee ways aboriginals culture is unique?

A

They sing their stories, They hunt with traditional tools such as boomerangs, They have sacred sites such as Uluru

144
Q

What are thee ways climate change could impact cold environments?

A

Melting ice caps, Extinction of animals, Impacts on food chains

145
Q

What are three ways climate change could impact arid environments?

A

Desertification, Deaths from starvation and dehydration, Species extinction

146
Q

What is the life expectancy of a white Australian compared to an aboriginal?

A

78 compared to 52

147
Q

Give three threats to aboriginal culture from tourism

A

Cultural dilution, Exposure to drugs and alcohol, Westernisation

148
Q

How long has Uluru been their sacred site?

A

43,000 years

149
Q

How many visitors were there in 1961 compared to 2005?

A

5000, 400,000

150
Q

What is westernisation?

A

The process of cultures becoming diluted and adopting traits from the western world.

HCHS A-level Geography (7 decks)

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