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HCHS A-level Geography > Physical Geography Glaciers > Flashcards

Physical Geography Glaciers Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Quaternary Period start?

A

2.6 million years ago

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2
Q

When did the Holocene Period start?

A

10,000

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3
Q

In Earths history how many Ice Ages have their been?

A

5

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4
Q

During the Pleistocene Epoch how many glacial cycles were there?

A

50

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5
Q

What was the last Glacial advance called?

A

Lock Lomond Stadial

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6
Q

What is the layer of Ice on the Earth called?

A

Cryosphere

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of cold environment?

A

Polar, Alpine, Glacial and Periglacial

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8
Q

At what latitudes are Polar Environments found?

A

90 degrees N/S of the Equator

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9
Q

What is the temperaure in Polar Environments?

A

“-50 degrees C

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10
Q

What is the precipitation rate in Polar Environments?

A

250mm

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11
Q

What is an example of a Polar Environment?

A

Greenland

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12
Q

Where are Alpine Environments found?

A

At high latitudes

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13
Q

What are the average temperatures in Alpine Environments?

A

Summer - 20 degrees C Winter - 10 degrees C

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14
Q

What is an example of a Alpine Environment?

A

The Alps in France

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15
Q

What is the temperaure in Glacial Environments?

A

“-20 degrees C

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16
Q

What is an example of a Glacial Environment?

A

Russia

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17
Q

What is an example of a Periglacial Environment?

A

Cananda

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18
Q

What % of the Earth does Ice cover?

A

10%

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19
Q

How long does the Milancovic Cycle effect the climate for?

A

Thousands of Years

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20
Q

How long do Sun Spots effect the climate for?

A

Hundreds of Years

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21
Q

How long do Volcanoes and Asteriods effect the climate for?

A

10 Years

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22
Q

How many countries are Glaciers located on?

A

47

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23
Q

Give an example of a Cold Based Glacier?

A

Antartica

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24
Q

How fast do Cold Based Glaciers move?

A

2-3m per day

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25
Q

Give an example of a Warm Based Glacier?

A

The Alps

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26
Q

How fast do Warm Based Glaciers move?

A

20 - 30m per day

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27
Q

Give examples of inputs of a Glacier?

A

Precipitation, Avalanches

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28
Q

Give examples of stores in a Glacier?

A

Fresh water, Sediment

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29
Q

Give examples of outputs of a Glacier?

A

Melt Water, Evaporation, Calving, Sublimation

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30
Q

What % of the Earths surfacce is Periglacial?

A

25%

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31
Q

How deep can permafrost be?

A

1500m

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32
Q

When permafrost freezes, by what % does it expand by?

A

9-10%

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33
Q

By 2100 what % of Glaciers will be lost?

A

67%

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34
Q

What is a Corrie/Cwm?

A

An armchaired shaped depression in a mountainside- usually north facing

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35
Q

Give an example of a Corrie/Cwm?

A

Blae Water in the Lake District

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36
Q

What is an Arete?

A

A narrow, knife - edged ridge between two Corries

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37
Q

Give an example of an Arete?

A

Striding Edge in the Lake District which is 950m high

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38
Q

What is an Outwash Plain?

A

A flat expance of Fluvioglacial debray infrount of the glacier snout

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39
Q

Give an example of an Outwash Plain?

A

Melville Peninsular in Canada

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40
Q

What is an Esker?

A

A long, narrow sinous ridge of sand and gravel

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41
Q

Give an example of an Esker?

A

Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landscape

42
Q

What are the dimentions of Eskers?

A

30m high, and 100 - 500km long

43
Q

What is a Meltwater Channel?

A

A narrow channel cut into bedrock or depostits either undernieth or along the frount of an Ice Margin

44
Q

Give an example of a Meltwater channel and its dimentions?

A

Newtondale in Yorkshire and it is 40m wide and 80m deep

45
Q

What is a Kettle Hole?

A

A circular depression often which is usually formed in a lake in a Outwash Plain

46
Q

Give an example of a Kettle Hole?

A

Bareless Pond in Northlumbuland which is 0.11 long and 0.07 miles wide

47
Q

What is a Kame?

A

A mound of sand and gravel deposited on the valey floor near to the glacier

48
Q

What is a Kame Terrace?

A

A flat linear deposit of sand and gravel along the valley sides

49
Q

Give an example of where Kame Terrace’s can be found?

A

Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landscape

50
Q

What is a Truncated Spur?

A

A steep rocky valley side where spurs of a river valley used to interlock before glaciation

51
Q

What is Knock and Lochan?

A

A lowland area with alternating small rock hills, and hollows, often containg small lakes

52
Q

Give an example of where Knock and Lochan can be found?

A

North West Highlands in the Outer Hebredies

53
Q

What is a Pyramidal Peak?

A

A pointed mountain peak with three or more Corries

54
Q

Give an example of a Pyramidal Peak?

A

The Matterhorn, which is 4478m high

55
Q

Give 5 uses of the Cairngorms?

A

Hill Walking, Hunting, Forestry, Farming, Tourism

56
Q

What is the latitude of the Cairngorms?

A

57.4? N

57
Q

When was the Cairngorms National Park created?

A

2003

58
Q

How big is the Cairngorms National Park?

A

1,748 square miles

59
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is “wild land”?

A

47%

60
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is protected by European Laws?

A

49%

61
Q

How many people live and work in the Cairngorms?

A

18,000

62
Q

What is the latitude of the Yamel Peninsula?

A

70?N

63
Q

How deep is the permafrost on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

300m

64
Q

What is the population of the Nenets on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

410,000

65
Q

How far can the Nenets migrations be?

A

1000km each way

66
Q

How many Reindeer are on the Yamel Penisula?

A

20,000

67
Q

On the Yamel Peninsula how long is the Railway which has been built?

A

572m

68
Q

What is the population of Caribou in Greenland in 1993, compared to in 2001?

A

1993 = 7000 - 9000 2001 = 140,000

69
Q

What are the threats to glaciers in Greenland?

A

Soil Erosion, Trampling and Landslides

70
Q

What is the population of Greenland?

A

56,000

71
Q

What is the Active layer?

A

The top layer of siol in permafrost environmentss that thaws during summer, but freezes in the winter

72
Q

What is Talik?

A

This is an area of unfrozen soil or rock

73
Q

What are the 3 types of Permafrost?

A

Continious, Discontinious and Sporadic

74
Q

When was the Kyoto Protocol introduced?

A

16th February 2005

75
Q

What does the Kyoto Protocol do?

A

They want to reduce greenhouse gasses as well as removing Hydroflorocarbons to reduce deplation of the Ozone

76
Q

When was the Antarctic Treaty signed?

A

1st December 1959

77
Q

What does the Antartic Treaty do?

A

It believes that Antartica shall be used for a peaceful purposeas well as freedom from scientific investigation

78
Q

How many countries are part of the Antarctic Treaty?

A

52

79
Q

When was the Paris Agreement signed?

A

22nd April 2016

80
Q

What does the Paris Agreement do?

A

Reduces greenhouse gasses and emmitions

81
Q

How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?

A

142

82
Q

How much did the Paris Agreement give the US for Climate Risk Insurance?

A

$420 million

83
Q

How deep is Continuous Permafrost?

A

400m

84
Q

How deep is Sporadic Permafrost?

A

10m

85
Q

What is Accumalation?

A

This is the precipitation and growth of snow on the mountain

86
Q

What is the Pressure Melting Point?

A

Due to the weight of the ice, the melting point decreases

87
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Angluar rocks that may be picked up by the glacier then cause striations

88
Q

What is Rock Crushing?

A

When rocks are fractured due to the weight of the ice above it

89
Q

What is an Extensional Flow?

A

When the ice flows over a steep gradient causing it to spead out and flow thinner

90
Q

What is a Compressional Flow?

A

When the ice flows over a gental gradient causing it to clump together

91
Q

What is Creep?

A

When the meltwater causes the glacier to flow around an obsticle like plastic

92
Q

What is a surge?

A

When exessive meltwater builds up underneith the glacier, triggering a surge of movement

93
Q

How fast do surges travel?

A

Up to 300m per day

94
Q

What is the Zone of Accumulation?

A

Where the addition of snow from precipitation and avalanches exceeds the outputs

95
Q

What is the Zone of Ablation?

A

Where the glacier melts, evaporates, sublimates or calves, meaning that the outputs exceeds the inputs

96
Q

What is Internal Deformation?

A

When ice crystals orientate themselves in the direction of ice flow, allowing them so slide past each other

97
Q

What is an Ice Shelf?

A

These are Ice Sheets which extend out into the sea

98
Q

Give an example of an Ice Shelf?

A

Larsen Ice Shelf in Antartica

99
Q

What is a Niche Glacier?

A

Patches of ice in gullies on North facing mountain slopes

100
Q

What is a Piedmont Glacier?

A

When steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains where they spread into fan shapes

HCHS A-level Geography (7 decks)

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