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ANURBF LEC > PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE > Flashcards

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE Flashcards

1
Q

body’s state of hydration

A

URINE VOLUME

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2
Q

URINE VOLUME

influenced by:

A

o fluid intake
o fluid loss from non-renal sources
o variations in ADH secretion
o need to excrete increased amount of dissolved solids

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3
Q

URINE VOLUME

Normal Range (24 hours):

A

600-2000 ml

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4
Q

URINE VOLUME

Average (24 hours) :

A

1200-1500 ml

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5
Q

OLIGURIA in infants

A

< 1 ml/kg/hr

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6
Q

OLIGURIA in children

A

< 0.5 ml/kg/hr

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7
Q

OLIGURIA in adults

A

< 400 ml/day

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8
Q

ANURIA VOLUME

A

< 100 ml/day

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9
Q

POLYURIA VOLUME

A

 >2.5 L/day
 2.5-3 ml/kg/day

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10
Q

NOCTURIA VOLUME

A

more than 500 ml of urine at night

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11
Q

Normal night urine output:

A

<400 mL

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12
Q

OLIGURIA CAUSES

A

 Dehydration
 Renal diseases
 Renal calculi or tumor

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13
Q

ANURIA CAUSES

A

 Complete obstruction (stones, tumors)
 Toxic agents
 Decreased renal blood flow

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14
Q

POLYURIA CAUSES

A

 Increased fluid intake
 Diuretics, nervousness
 Diabetes mellitus
 Diabetes insipidus

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15
Q

NOCTURIA CAUSES

A

 Pregnancy

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16
Q

 Related with insulin

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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17
Q

 The kidneys excrete increased amounts of water to remove the dissolved glucose

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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18
Q

 ↑ SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

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19
Q

 Related with ADH

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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20
Q

 The water needed for adequate body hydration is not reabsorbed

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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21
Q

 ↓ SPECIFIC GRAVITY

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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22
Q

should correlate with urine specific gravity

A

URINE COLOR

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23
Q

specimen should be examined under a good light source, looking down through the container against a

A

white background

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24
Q

Normal Urine Color:

A

straw, pale yellow, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow and amber

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25
Q

 Major pigment

A

Urochrome (Yellow)

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26
Q

 Production is directly proportional to metabolic rate

A

Urochrome (Yellow)

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27
Q

 Excreted at a constant rate as a product of endogenous metabolism

A

Urochrome (Yellow)

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28
Q

 Increased in thyrotoxicosis, fever, starvation

A

Urochrome (Yellow)

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29
Q

 May deposit in amorphous urates and uric acid crystals

A

Uroerythrin (Pink)

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30
Q

 Imparts an orange brown color to a urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin (Dark yellow/Orange)

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31
Q

 Oxidation product of urobilinogen

A

Urobilin (Dark yellow/Orange)

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32
Q

 Recent fluid consumption

A

Colorless

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33
Q

 Polyuria, dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

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34
Q

 Concentrated specimen

A

Dark yellow

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35
Q

 Strenuous exercise

A

Dark yellow

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36
Q

 First morning specimen

A

Dark yellow

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37
Q

 Carotene

A

Dark yellow

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38
Q

 Dehydration

A

Amber

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39
Q

Fever

A

Amber

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40
Q

Burns

A

Amber

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41
Q

 Bilirubin: Yellow foam

A

Orange

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42
Q

: Viscous urine with orange foam

A

Orange

 Phenazopyridin (Pyridium)

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43
Q

Acriflavin

A

Orange

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44
Q

 Biliverdin (oxidized bilirubin)

A

Yellow-green, Yellow-brown

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45
Q

 Pseudomonas infection

A

Green

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46
Q

 Amitriptyline, Methocarbamol, Cloets, Methylene blue, Phenol, Chlorophyll

A

Blue-green

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47
Q

: Hematuria

A

Pink, Red

 RBCs (Cloudy/smoky red)

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48
Q

 Hemoglobin (Clear red): Intravascular hemolysis

A

Pink, Red

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49
Q

 Myoglobin (Clear red/reddish-brown, colacolored): Rhabdomyolysis

A

Pink, Red

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50
Q

Beets

A

Pink, Red

51
Q

 Porphyrins

A

Burgundy/Purplish red

52
Q

 Methemoglobin (acidic urine)

A

Brown, Black

53
Q

 Homogentisic acid (alkaline urine): Alkaptonuria

A

Brown, Black

54
Q

 Melanin (upon air exposure)

A

Brown, Black

55
Q

Phenol derivative

A

Brown, Black

56
Q

 Phenol derivative, Argyrol, Methyldopa/Levodopa, Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A
57
Q

 results from the IN VIVO BREAKDOWN of RBCs

A

HEMOGLOBIN

58
Q

 results from BREAKDOWN OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

MYOGLOBIN

59
Q

 Cola-colored

A

Levodopa

60
Q

Mepacrine

A

 Yellow

61
Q

 Green-brown

A

Methyldopa

62
Q

 Reddish brown

A

Metronidazole

63
Q

 Orange-red

A

Phenazopyridine

64
Q

Rifampin

A

Pink, Red

 Bright orange-red

65
Q

 Bright yellow

A

Riboflavin

66
Q

 refers to transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen

A

URINE CLARITY

67
Q

 evaluated by visually examining a mixed specimen in a clear container while holding it in front of a light source; view through a newspaper print

A

URINE CLARITY

68
Q

URINE CLARITY

 commonly used terminologies:

A

clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, milky

69
Q

 No visible particulates, transparent

A

Clear

70
Q

 Few particulates, newsprint easily seen through urine

A

Hazy

71
Q

 Many particulates, newsprint is blurred through urine

A

Cloudy

72
Q

 Newsprint cannot be seen

A

Turbid

73
Q

 May precipitate or clot

A

Milky

74
Q

Nonpathologic CAUSES OF URINE TURBIDITY

A

 Squamous epithelial cells
 Amorphous urates
 Amorphous phosphates & carbonates (white precipitate)
 Vaginal cream, semen and fecal contamination
 radiographic contrast media  talcum powder

75
Q

Pathologic CAUSES OF URINE TURBIDITY

A

Nonsquamous
Crystals
Lymph fluid
Lipids

76
Q

ACIDIC URINE

A

 Amorphous urates
 Radiographic ocntrast media

77
Q

ALKALINE URINE

A

 Amorphous phosphates
 Carbonates

78
Q

SOLUBLE WITH HEAT

A

 Amorphous phosphates
 Uric acid crystals

79
Q

SOLUBLE WITH DILUTE ACETIC ACID

A

 RBCs
 Amorphous phosphates
 Carbonates

80
Q

INSOLUBLE WITH DILUTE ACETIC ACID

A

 WBCs, Bacteria, Yeasts, Spermatozoa

81
Q

SOLUBLE WITH ETHER

A

 Lipids, Lymphatic fluid, Chyle

82
Q

 Normal Odor

A

Aromatic

83
Q

 Acute tubular necrosis

A

Lack of Odor

84
Q

 Bacteria, UTI

A

Foul/ammonia-like

85
Q

 Ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)

A

Fruity/sweetish

86
Q

 Ingestion of asparagus, garlic, eggs, onion

A

Mercaptan/pungent

87
Q

 Recto-vesical fistula

A

Fecaloid

88
Q

 Contamination

A
89
Q

 Maple Syrup Urine Disease

A

Maple syrup

90
Q

 Phenylketonuria

A

Mousy

91
Q

 Trimethylaminuria

A

Rotting fish

92
Q

 Tyrosinemia

A

Rancid

93
Q

 Methionine malabsorption

A

Cabbage/hops

94
Q

 Isovaleric and glutaric acidemia

A

Sweaty feet

95
Q

 Cystine disorder

A

Sulfur/rotten egg odor

96
Q

 determined to evaluate the kidney’s ability to selectively reabsorb essential substances and water from the filtrate

A

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

97
Q

 detects possible dehydration or abnormalities in ADH

A

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

98
Q

 density of urine compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

A

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

99
Q

 NORMAL SG (random urine):

A

1.003 – 1.035

100
Q

 Isosthenuria:

A

1.010

101
Q

 Hyposthenuria:

A

< 1.010

102
Q

 Hyperstenuria:

A

> 1.010

103
Q

 Not a urine (except DI):

A

< 1.003

104
Q

 Radiographic contrast media:

A

> 1.040

105
Q

DIRECT METHODS

A
  1. Urinometery/Hydrometry
  2. Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
106
Q

INDIRECT METHODS

A
  1. Refractometer
  2. Reagent Strip
107
Q

 Less accurate than the other methods and is not recommended by CLSI

A

Urinometery/Hydrometry

108
Q

 Requires 10 to 15 ml urine (major disadvantage)

A

Urinometery/Hydrometry

109
Q

 Calibration: Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) solution – SG reading should be 1.015

A

Urinometery/Hydrometry

110
Q

 Calibration temperature is 20°C

A

Urinometery/Hydrometry

111
Q

 Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

A

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

112
Q

 Results are linear up to a specific gravity of 1.080

A

Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry

113
Q

 Measures the refractive index to determine the concent ration of dissolved particles

A

Refractometer

114
Q

 Requires a small volume of urine sample and temperature corrections are (compensated between 15° to 38°C)

A

Refractometer

115
Q

 Provides a convenient method for routine urinalysis

A

Reagent Strip

116
Q

 Principle: Change in pKa (acid dissociation c onstant) of a polyelectrolyte

A

Reagent Strip

117
Q

 Bromthymol blue (indicator) on the reagent pad measures the change in pH

A

Reagent Strip

118
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Orange

119
Q

Phenindione

A

Orange

120
Q

menstrual contamination

A

Pink, Red

121
Q

Rifampin

A

Pink, Red

122
Q

Argyrol

A

Burgundy/Purplish red

123
Q

Methyldopa/Levodopa

A

Burgundy/Purplish red

124
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

Burgundy/Purplish red

ANURBF LEC (9 decks)

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