physical activity & positive states Flashcards
what is self-esteem/worth?
how we feel about who we are and an overall evaluation of our worth
concerned with competence and importance in areas of everyday life
what is the relationship between competence and importance and self esteem?
self esteem increases when something is important to us and we do well in it
self esteem is lowered when something is important to us and we don’t do well in it
self esteem isn’t affected if we do well / poorly at something that isn’t important to us
what is self concept?
a self description based on qualities, traits and roles
‘the individual as known to the individual’
what is the core difference between self esteem and self concept?
self concept involves no evaluation and is purely descriptive whereas self esteem involves evaluation of our worth
what is self esteem an important indicator of?
psychological well-being
emotional stability
adjustment to life demands
subjective well-being
what is associated with high self esteem?
good body image healthy behaviours e. g not smoking independence leadership resilience to stress
what is associated with low self esteem?
increase risk of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, phobias, substance abuse
what is the most general and enduring part of the self-perception model?
global self-esteem (hardest to change)
what is the most specific and changing part of the self-perception model?
subfacets (easiest to change)
what is the top down order of the self-perception model?
- global self-esteem
- domain : e.g physical
- subdomain e.g competence
- facet : e.g football
- subfacet : e.g shooting
which subdomain has the biggest effect size with physical?
body attractiveness
r = 0.48
relationship between gender and self-esteem?
what does this mean in terms of improving self-esteem?
females scored lower on : body image, physical self worth sub-domains, physical self worth and global self-esteem
females may beneift more form physical activity interventions to improve self-esteem than men as greater ability to change perceptions and self worth due to it being lower
what does the motivational approach suggest?
those high in global and physical self worth are more likely to engage in and continue with physical activity
partaking in physical activity will then maintain or increase their global/physical self worth and increase their intrinsic motivation
what does the self enhancement approach suggest?
positive experiences of physical activity leads to increased global and physical self-esteem (related to increased self-efficacy)
if the experience of the physical activity is negative, their globa and physical self esteem will be reduced
according to the self enhancement approach, what level of physical activity should be given at the start of an intervetion?
give an easier physical acitivity / skill so they can have a posiitve experience of it and therefore increase their global and physical self worth
what is the bottom up approach to PA and self esteem?
changing physical activity will enhance self esteem
the self enhancement approach
what is the top down approach to PA and self esteem?
changing self esteem will increase physical activity
the motivational approach
what is the reciprocal approach to PA and self esteem?
self-esteem influences subsequent behavioural motivations
behavioural motivations influence subsequent self-esteem
what domain of global self worth does the EXSEM model deal with?
and what does EXSEM stand for?
Exercise and self esteem model
physical self worth
what are the 4 antecedents of self-efficacy?
mastery experience
vicarious experience
emotional arousal
verbal persuasion
example of how to change the vicarious experience antecedent of self-efficacy?
watch someone of a similar ability to yourself complete the skill you wish to complete
example of how to change the mastery experience antecedent of self-efficacy?
master skills required for the action
example of how to change the emotional arousal antecedent of self-efficacy?
being aware of exactly how you’re going to feel in a situation and being prepared for it
example of how to change the verbal persuasion antecedent of self-efficacy?
positive self talk
explain why there is a negative correlation between light activity and the individuals perception of body attractievness and global self-worth
the individual may not be seeing any positive changes to their body
the individual may be seeing other people at the gym etc working harder and in better shape than they are
explain why there is a positive correlation to being sedentary and global self worth
individuals are contributing to their global self worth in other ways such as academic and social
in Fox’s review of 36 RCTs, what % found a positive change in physical self-perceptions?
76%
what are some of the suggested mechanisms for why physical activity positively impacts self worth?
mastering new tasks greater sense of personal control time away from other tasks and stressful parts of life improvements in fitness or weight loss sense of belonging/significance
when was the effect size largest involving mechanisms of change, PA and self worth?
largest when inervention was a lifestyle focused one and that produced changes to physical fitness