physical activity & positive states Flashcards
what is self-esteem/worth?
how we feel about who we are and an overall evaluation of our worth
concerned with competence and importance in areas of everyday life
what is the relationship between competence and importance and self esteem?
self esteem increases when something is important to us and we do well in it
self esteem is lowered when something is important to us and we don’t do well in it
self esteem isn’t affected if we do well / poorly at something that isn’t important to us
what is self concept?
a self description based on qualities, traits and roles
‘the individual as known to the individual’
what is the core difference between self esteem and self concept?
self concept involves no evaluation and is purely descriptive whereas self esteem involves evaluation of our worth
what is self esteem an important indicator of?
psychological well-being
emotional stability
adjustment to life demands
subjective well-being
what is associated with high self esteem?
good body image healthy behaviours e. g not smoking independence leadership resilience to stress
what is associated with low self esteem?
increase risk of anxiety, depression, eating disorders, phobias, substance abuse
what is the most general and enduring part of the self-perception model?
global self-esteem (hardest to change)
what is the most specific and changing part of the self-perception model?
subfacets (easiest to change)
what is the top down order of the self-perception model?
- global self-esteem
- domain : e.g physical
- subdomain e.g competence
- facet : e.g football
- subfacet : e.g shooting
which subdomain has the biggest effect size with physical?
body attractiveness
r = 0.48
relationship between gender and self-esteem?
what does this mean in terms of improving self-esteem?
females scored lower on : body image, physical self worth sub-domains, physical self worth and global self-esteem
females may beneift more form physical activity interventions to improve self-esteem than men as greater ability to change perceptions and self worth due to it being lower
what does the motivational approach suggest?
those high in global and physical self worth are more likely to engage in and continue with physical activity
partaking in physical activity will then maintain or increase their global/physical self worth and increase their intrinsic motivation
what does the self enhancement approach suggest?
positive experiences of physical activity leads to increased global and physical self-esteem (related to increased self-efficacy)
if the experience of the physical activity is negative, their globa and physical self esteem will be reduced
according to the self enhancement approach, what level of physical activity should be given at the start of an intervetion?
give an easier physical acitivity / skill so they can have a posiitve experience of it and therefore increase their global and physical self worth
what is the bottom up approach to PA and self esteem?
changing physical activity will enhance self esteem
the self enhancement approach
what is the top down approach to PA and self esteem?
changing self esteem will increase physical activity
the motivational approach
what is the reciprocal approach to PA and self esteem?
self-esteem influences subsequent behavioural motivations
behavioural motivations influence subsequent self-esteem
what domain of global self worth does the EXSEM model deal with?
and what does EXSEM stand for?
Exercise and self esteem model
physical self worth
what are the 4 antecedents of self-efficacy?
mastery experience
vicarious experience
emotional arousal
verbal persuasion
example of how to change the vicarious experience antecedent of self-efficacy?
watch someone of a similar ability to yourself complete the skill you wish to complete
example of how to change the mastery experience antecedent of self-efficacy?
master skills required for the action
example of how to change the emotional arousal antecedent of self-efficacy?
being aware of exactly how you’re going to feel in a situation and being prepared for it
example of how to change the verbal persuasion antecedent of self-efficacy?
positive self talk
explain why there is a negative correlation between light activity and the individuals perception of body attractievness and global self-worth
the individual may not be seeing any positive changes to their body
the individual may be seeing other people at the gym etc working harder and in better shape than they are
explain why there is a positive correlation to being sedentary and global self worth
individuals are contributing to their global self worth in other ways such as academic and social
in Fox’s review of 36 RCTs, what % found a positive change in physical self-perceptions?
76%
what are some of the suggested mechanisms for why physical activity positively impacts self worth?
mastering new tasks greater sense of personal control time away from other tasks and stressful parts of life improvements in fitness or weight loss sense of belonging/significance
when was the effect size largest involving mechanisms of change, PA and self worth?
largest when inervention was a lifestyle focused one and that produced changes to physical fitness
what is physical self worth?
our personal perception of our bodies and the bodies of others (aesthetics and attractiveness)
what are the 4 subdomains of physical self worth?
- sport competence
- attractive body
- physical strength
- physical condition
what 4 factors contribute to how we feel about our physical self worth?
1) perceptual
2) cognitive
3) affective
4) behavioural
what does perceptual mean in relation to how we feel about our physical self worth?
how we imagine ourselves looking
what does cognitive mean in relation to how we feel about our physical self worth?
evaluation of the body
what does affective mean in relation to how we feel about our physical self worth?
feelings related to appearance
what does behavioural mean in relation to how we feel about our physical self worth?
reflection of thoughts and feelings
what signs are there that someone has a healthy body image?
accurate perception of body image
positive feelings about appearance
difference between genders and healthy body image?
males and females both see themselves as bigger than they are but it’s a lower discrepancy between perceived body and actual body in males
how do we assess someone’s view on their body image
use images and BMIs to get discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image
what are some factors which influence our body image?
social media
peers
changes in physique (pregnancy)
culture
what effect does physical activity have on body image?
it has a protective effect on body image independent of BMI or gender
what is the best form of physical activity in relation to body image?
body image improved most when exercise was moderate or strenuous and aerobic and anaerobic
duration, length and frequency of intervention didn’t moderate the size of the effect
what does Campbell refer to self-esteem as?
the First Law of Human Nature
why is assessing self-esteem by finding a score been criticised?
doesn’t take into account the multidimensionality of the self
name a self-esteem measuring scale
Rosenberg’s 10 item global self-esteem scale
what are the names of the 2 scales which assess physical self esteem?
the physical self-perception profile
physical self-description questionnaire
what does the EXSEM model advise?
we change our self-efficacy for a behaviour before we change the subdomains of self-esteem
in which groups may exercise not have a positive effect on body satisfaction?
women who exercise heavily
athletes required to maintain low weight for elite performance
what is affect?
generic term that characterises the subjective experience of any valenced (pleasant/unpleasant) state
includes the concepts of emotions and moods
when does affect occur?
before we have a cognitive appraisal of a situation
affective response comes first
what determines changes in affective response to physical activity?
the intensity of the exercise
when the affective response takes place (during or after)
what is the affective response to light exercise both during and after it?
positive
what is the affective response to heavy (moderately vigorous) exercise both during and after it?
during - positive or negative depending on the individual and cues they focus on
after - positive
what is the affective response to strenuous (approaching functional limits) exercise both during and after it?
during - negative
after - positive
what does the dual-mode model look at?
looks at different intensities and how we respond to them
what does the dual-mode model say about what occurs during moderate exercise?
adequate energy supply
steady state
no lactate build up
continued for long periods
no threat to homeostasis
what does the dual-mode model say about what occurs during heavy (moderately vigorous) exercise?
ability to provide aerobic energy is exceeded so supplemented by anaerobic
lactate begins to appear faster than removal rates
lactate threshold
increase in O2
may no longer be possible to stabilise
what does the dual-mode model say about what occurs during severe exercise?
exercise up to maximum capacity
energy supply system overwhelmed
potential for muscles to go into rigor
examples of cognitive cues
and what are they
- what we can think about and may keep us going during heavy exercise
meaning of exercise self efficacy goals self perceptions (e.g 'i'm a runner') social considerations (around peers)
which cues are we most likely to pay attention to in different intensities?
cognitive - heavy
interoceptive - severe
what are interoceptive cues and examples of them?
interoceptive - physiological response so no longer to pay attention to cognitive
physiological receptors
reflect metabolic strain
paying attention to which sorts of cues will more likely lead to a posiitve affective response?
cognitive (unless low self perceptions and lack of goals etc.)
during which exercise intensity will our cognitive and interoceptive cues have little influence on our affective response?
during moderate (light) exercise
as not overwhelming system so don’t need to think about why we’re doing the activity or how the body feels
what happens in the brain when doing a moderate activity?
stimulus from activity received in thalamus and sent to cortex for information processing then to amygdala (high road)
info also sent to amygdala which controls affective response (low road)
what happens in brain when doing a heavy/moderately vigorous activity?
only using high road (thalamus to cortex to amygdala) so cues lead to affective response
what happens in the brain when doing a severe activity?
miss out cortex
signals straight from thalamus to amygdala (low road which is much quicker than the high road)
how does the brain chose the pathway to use?
depends on severity of physiological response
what categorises the high road?
takes on complex info
ability to process data
what categorises the low road?
very quick response
unprocessed data to respond ASAP when system is under threat
relation between severity of exercise and pathway?
more severe the faster the pathway
how to measure affective response?
questionnaires rating from -5 to 5 how they feel when exercising
and ask how aroused they feel 1-6
combine into circumplex model
(how do you feel every minute)
what does the circumplex model state?
start activity in unactivated but pleaant state (moderate)
then activity and pleasant (heavy)
then activity and unpleasant (strenuous)
why higher negative affect in children over adolescents when exercising?
weren’t expecting physiological responses as no experience of strenuous exercise
does affective response influence participation?
yes, negative affective response are less likely to repeat it in the future
