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goal setting Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 categories of goals?

A

objective

subjective

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2
Q

what do objective goals focus on?

A

attaining a specific standard of profficiency on a task usually in a specified time
measureable and specific

e.g lowering time by a second by next competition

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3
Q

what are subjective goals?

A

general statements of intent that are not measurable of objective
roughly what you want to achieve

e.g i want to do well

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of goals?

A

outcome
performance
process

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5
Q

what do outcome goals focus on?

A

focus on the competitive result of an event e.g winning gold medal

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6
Q

what do outcome goals depend on to happen?

A

not only your own efforts and performance but the ability of your opponent

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7
Q

what do performance goals focus on?

A

focus on achieving performance objectives independently of other competitors usually on basis of comparison with one’s own previous performances

more flexible and in your control than outcome goals

e.g successful first serves from 70-80%

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8
Q

what do process goals focus on?

A

focus on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to perform well

e.g releasing shot at peak of jump

(positively influence golfers confidence, self-efficacy and cognitive anxiety)

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9
Q

when is it best to focus on outcome goals?

A

facilitate short-term motivation away from competition e.g training in off season

focusing on outcome goals before or during a performance increases anxiety and distracting thoughts

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10
Q

focusing on which goals during performances has been found to help highly anxious athletes avoid negaive effects of anxiety?

A

holistic, process goals focusing on general feeling of skills to be performed

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11
Q

which goals are particularly useful for athletes at the time of competition?

A

performance and process goals as can make precise adjustments to these goals compared to outcome goals
and they depend much less on behaviour of opponent

(useful in practice as well)

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12
Q

can too much emphasis on a specific performance goal create anxiety?

A

yes, for example running a personal best

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13
Q

what did Filby, Maynard and Graydon find about using a combination of goal strategies?

A

produced significantly better performance than relying on one type of goal

goals should be prioritised and focused on at different times

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14
Q

what percentage of all studies involving goal setting shwo that it has a consistent and powerful effect n behaviour?

A

more than 90% of over 500

more than 40 000 ppts using more than 90 tasks in 10 countries

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15
Q

what did Burton and Weiss find in their meta-analysis of 88 studies?

A

70 (80%) of the studies demonstrated moderate to strong effects of using goal setting in sport but less so in business

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16
Q

what factors enhance effectiveness of goal setting in sport and exercise environment?

A 
moderate difficulty
both short and long-term
feedback on progress towards attainment of goal 
specificity
public acknowledgement of goals
commitment
ppts input in goal setting process
combination of different goals
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17
Q

in a group of basketball players, were specific or general goals associated with enhanced performance and in high complexity vs low complexity tasks?

A

specific goals enhanced performance mostly

goal setting enhanced performance better in low-complexity rather than high-complexity tasks

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18
Q

in physical education and exercise situations, what did goal setting influence?

A

intrinsic motivation
exercise adherenece
persistence and education in P.E students

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19
Q

top 3 general goals for olympic, collegiate and young atheletes?

A

improved performance
winning
enjoyment

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20
Q

top 3 preferences for goal difficulty amongst athletes?

A

moderately difficult
difficult
very difficult

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21
Q

barriers to goal attainment in olympians?

A 
either internal (lack of confidence or too many goals)
or external (lack of time)
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22
Q

differennce between males and females in goal setting?

A

females set goals more often and found them to be more effective than males did

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23
Q

number 1 reason athletes report setting goals?

A

to provide direction and keep them focused on the task at hand

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24
Q

what is the indirect thought-process view?

A

outcome, performance and process goals lead to changes in psychological factors which influence performance (e.g anxiety)
hence indirectly influence performance

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25
Q

supporting research for the indirect thought-process view on swimmers?

A

those high in goal-setting ability demonstrted less anxiety, more confidence and improved performance compared to those with low goal-setting ability

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26
Q

what are the 2 views of why goal setting works?

A

indirect thought-process view

direct mechanistic view

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27
Q

better self-regulation when task or ego oriented condition?

A

task

28
Q

what is the direct mechanistic view?

A

that goals influence performance in one of four ways:

  1. direct attention to important elements of the skill being performed (especially those that need improving)
  2. mobilise performance efforts (e.g breaking huge task down into smaller more doable chunks - same for 3.)
  3. prolong performer persistence
  4. foster development of new learning strategies (to achieve goal)

remember as PEAS (persistence, efforts, attention and strategies)

29
Q

what is the primary reason for athletes setting goals?

A

to provide direction and focus to their actions

30
Q

which types of goals do coaches tend to focus on?

A

performance and process goals

31
Q

what are the main reasons for coaches setting goals?

A

provide purpose and direction, player improvement and fostering team cohesion

32
Q

how many principles of goal setting are there?

A

11

33
Q

principle of goal setting :

set specific goals

A

specific goals influence behavioural change more than general goals / no goals do

goals should be stated in very specific, measurable terms that relate to your behaviour

34
Q

priciple of goal setting:

set moderately difficult but realistic goals

A

effective goals are difficult enugh to be a challenge but realistic enough to be achieved

if goals are too difficult, not reaching them can be threatening and lead to learned helplessness, frustration and poor performance

35
Q

how to decide on goal difficulty?

A

assess the athletes commitment and capabilities

if unsure, intially set easier rather than harder goals so they don’t become frustrated

36
Q

principle of goal setting:

set long- and short-term goals

A

long-term goals provide direction

short-term goals serve as intermediate steps that lead to long-term objectives

37
Q

does only focusing on long-term goals improve performance?

A

no

38
Q

what analogy is used to help reach long-term goals using short-term goals?

A

the goal-setting staircase

present lveel of ability at bottom and progressively linked short-term goals connecting to end long-term goal

39
Q

principle of goal setting:

set performance, process and outcome goals

A

continually emphasise performance and process goals (that would lead to an outcome goal) without placing too much emphasis on the outcome goal

40
Q

what happens if you only focus on outcome goals?

A

anxious during competition and worrying instead of focusing on task at hand

41
Q

principle of goal setting:

set practice andcompetition goals

A

one factor differentiating successful and less successful olympians was setting practice goals e.g 3 dry runs on that day

42
Q

why is setting practice goals important?

A

athletes spend a long time practicing compared to competing and these long hours could become boring

focus on making improvements that might not normally be worked on and maintain motivation

43
Q

principle of goal setting:

record goals

A

when goals are set, tehy should be recorded and plced where they can easily be seen

e.g write on cards may be more efficient and effective compared to a complex behavioural contract that is never looked at

44
Q

principle of goal setting:

develop goal achievement strategies

A

e.g chipping a bucket of golf balls onto a green twice a week is a strategy to reduce handicap

45
Q

what should goal achievement strategies be?

A

specific and involve definite numbers

flexible e.g lift 3 times a week not 3 specific days

46
Q

principle of goal setting:

consider participants personalities and motivations

(what are characteristics that effect goal-setting approaches?)

A

respond well to goal setting:
high on personal standards component of perfectionism, high in hope, task or performance oriented and high achievers

need to emphasise importance or setting realistic performance andprocess goals:
high on the concern for mistakes component of perfectionism, low in hope, outcome or failure oriented people and low achievers and children

47
Q

which type of people focus on outcome goals compared to performance and process goals?

A

competitive people focus on outcome goals

task-oriented people more open to performance and process goals

48
Q

principle of goal setting:

foster an indidivdual’s goal commitment

A

by encouraging progress and providing consistent feedback

goals shouldn’t, however, be set by coaches

49
Q

principle of goal setting:

provide goal support

A

enlist support from significant others

not just support for the outcome goal but also for performance and process goals

spousal support essential

50
Q

principle of goal setting:

provide evaluation of and feedback about goals

A

goal evaluation and feedback are essential parts of facilitating behaviour change

goal evaluation strategies should be inittaied at the start of the goal setting programme and continually implemented

coaches should provide specific feedback on how they’re progressing towards their goals

51
Q

what does hope mean in terms of goal setting?

A

people have a perception that goals can be met and the skills to go about achieving those goals

52
Q

what are the 4 components in the 4W system for developing dispostional hope?

A

wish power : identify dream goals

want power : set realistic short and long term goals that when achieved will lead to dream goal

way power : developing startaegies for achieving goals

will power : commitment to consistently work towards goals and overcome obstacles

53
Q

which type of goals are used when in teams?

A

in practice around 90% are process oriented and focused on effort

in competition goals split between performance and outcome

54
Q

what are the 4 types of goals evident in sport teams?

A

team members goal for himself
team members goal for the team
teams goals
groups goals for the team memember

55
Q

what is the definition of a team’s goal?

A

the future state of affairs desired by enough members of a group to work toward its achievement

attainment of specific standards of group proficiency wihtin a specified time

56
Q

in a walking study, which groups walked the furthest?

A

those who set the most goals

especially those who were confident in their ability

57
Q

proces of setting effective group goals?

A

establish long term then short term goals
all members of team involved in establishing goals
onitor progress towards goals
reward progress made towards team goals
foster collective team confidence concerning team goals

58
Q

what is the result of setting group goals?

A

increased motivation and team cohesion

59
Q

characteristics of effective goals?

A 
S - specific
M - measurable 
A - action oriented 
R - realistic
T - timely 
S - self-determined
60
Q

what are the 3 stages in designing a goal-setting system?

A
  1. preparation and planning
  2. education and acquisition
  3. implementation, goal follow-up and evaluation
61
Q

what is involved in preparation and planning of a goal-setting system?

A

assess abilties and needs

set goals in diverse areas

identify influences on goal-setting systems e.g time and commitment

plan goal achievement strategies

62
Q

what is involved in education and acquisition in a goal-setting system?

A

schedule meetings to discuss e.g.s of effective goals and strategies for achieving them

focus on one goal at a time

63
Q

what is involved in implementation, goal follow-up and evaluation in a goal-setting system?

A

identify appropriate goal evaluation procedures e.g skills test or stats in games

provide support and encouragment

plan for goal reevaluation e.g making it easier / harder

64
Q

what are the 6 common problems in goal setting?

A
  1. convincing athletes and coaches to set goals e.g that it doesn’t take too much time and is effective
  2. failing to set specific goals - give feedback about goal specificity e.g include numbers
  3. setting too many goals too soon - set 1 or 2 short term goals initially
  4. failing to adjust goals - difficult to adjust goals downwards psychologically after injury
  5. failing to recognise individual differences - will effect commitment and success of goal setting
  6. not providing follow-up and evaluation
65
Q

goal setting and locus of control

A

self-setting goals most effective for those with internal LoC
coach-set goals most effective for those with exeternal LoC

66
Q

link between goal setting and motivation?

A

goal setting maintains motivation (required to continue through injury and long training sessions)
Hardy et al.

67
Q

link between goals and dreams?

A

providing action to your dreams

more tangible

Sports Psychology (12 decks)

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