Phys: Reg Of Blood Pessure

Question 1

Normal blood pressure range for systolic and diastolic:

Answer 1

S: less than 120
D: less than 80

Question 2

Elevated blood pressure numbers:

Answer 2

S: 120-129
D: less than 80

Question 3

HTN stage 1 blood pressure numbers:

Answer 3

S: 130-139
D:80-89

Question 4

HTN stage 2 blood pressure numbers:

Answer 4

S: 140 or higher
D: 90 or higher

Question 5

Hypertensive crisis numbers:

Answer 5

S: higher than 180
D: higher than 120

Question 6

Risk factors for HTN:

Answer 6

-age
-obesity
Physical inactivity
-high sodium diet
-excess alcohol
-family history
-black>white>asian

Question 7

Complications of elevated blood pressure (non-ocular):

Answer 7

-coronary artery disease (CAD)
-left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
-heart failure (HF)
-atrial fibrillation

Question 8

Complications of high blood pressure (ocular):

Answer 8

-Retinopathy
-papilledema

Question 9

Papilledema:

Answer 9

Swelling around optic disk secondary to increased ICP

Question 10

Blood pressure = ____ X _____

Answer 10

CO X TPR

Question 11

How can atrial pressure be increasesd? :

Answer 11

-constricting arterioles which increase TPR
-constricting large vessels which increase VR and CO
-increasing CO, heart rate, and contractility

Question 12

Short term regulators of blood pressure:

Answer 12

-baroreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-CNS ischemic response

Question 13

Intermediate regulators of blood pressure:

Answer 13

-renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 14

Long term blood pressure regulators:

Answer 14

-kidney regulation of sodium and water

Question 15

What are the two mechanisms for regulating blood pressure?

Answer 15

baroreceptor reflex and renin angiotensin system

Question 16

The baroreceptor reflex:

Answer 16

-baroreceprors detect changes in arterial pressure
-signals sent to medulla of the brainstem
-heart rate adjusted

Question 17

What carries the afferent fibers of the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?

Answer 17

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 18

What nerve carries parasympathetic impulses of the carotid sinus?

Answer 18

Vagus nerve

Question 19

What causes renin to released?

Answer 19

Low blood volume

Question 20

Where is renin synthesized and stored?

Answer 20

In the modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles of the kidney

Question 21

When is renin released?

Answer 21

In response to a fall in pressure

Question 22

What does renin act on?

Answer 22

Angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I peptide

Question 23

What two things is angiotensin II involved in?

Answer 23

-vessel constriction to increase TPR and BP
-release the aldosterone from adrenal cortex for Na+ and H₂O absorption to increase SV and BP

Question 25

As Na+ intake is decreased, ________ levels increase significantly

Answer 25

Renin

Question 26

Exercising muscles receive up to ___% of the total cardiac output during periods of activity

Answer 26

85%

Question 27

What happens to mean blood pressure during exercise and why?

Answer 27

There is a modest increase in mean blood pressure as vasodilation within the skeletal muscles significantly decreases the total vascular resistance

Question 28

Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all vessels EXCEPT:

Answer 28

Capillaries and precapillary sphincters and some metarterioles

Question 29

What does the innervation of small arteries and arterioles allow for?

Answer 29

Sympathetic nerves to increase vascular resistance

Question 30

How are large veins to the heart innervated?

Answer 30

Sympathetically

Question 31

What is the parasympathetic nervous system important for?

Answer 31

Control of heart rate via the vagus nerve

Question 32

Where are teh vasoconstrictor fibers distributed?

Answer 32

All throughout the segments of circulation

Question 33

Where are there more vasoconstrictor fibers?

Answer 33

Kidneys, gut, spleen, skin

Question 34

Blood vessels are only innervated by ____ fibers via ____

Answer 34

SNS, alpha 1

Question 35

What does the Vasomotor center do?

Answer 35

Transmit impulses downward through the cord to almost all blood vessels

Question 36

Vasomotor center is located _____ in the medulla and the lower ____ of the pons

Answer 36

Bilaterally, 1/3rd

Question 37

What is the Vasomotor center composed of?

Answer 37

Vasoconstrictor, vasodilator, and sensory area

Question 38

The continuous signal s to sympathetic nerve fibers via vasoconstrictor area of VMC is called….

Answer 38

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone

Question 39

What is the neurotransmitter for the vasoconstrictor nerves?

Answer 39

Norepinephrine

Question 40

What can exert powerful excitatory or inhibitory effects on the VMC?

Answer 40

Higher centers of the brain (ie hypothalamus)

Question 41

How can the VMC increase arterial pressure within seconds?

Answer 41

-constricting all arterioles -> Increase TPR -constricting large vessels of circulation -> increase VR -> increase CO -directly increase CO by increasing HR and contractility

Question 42

Where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 42

-walls of the carotid bifurcation(carotid sinus) -walls of aortic arch