PHYS 1 regulation of body fluid osmolality: Regulation of water balance

Question 1

what is needed to concentrate urine?

loop of henle’s role?

what causes collecting duct permeability?

Ascending limb maintains what difference/how much of a difference?

max osmolality of interstitium?

normal plasma osmo at tip of loop?

fluid leaving loop is what?

Answer 1

Question 2

countercurrent multiplier (review)

Answer 2

Question 3

countercurrent 1st step.

tubular fluid entering?

osmolality of interstitium and other body fluids?

Answer 3

Question 4

Countercurrent 2nd step

what happens?

medullary interstitium?

water movement?

Answer 4

Question 5

countercurrent 3rd step.

what happens?

continues until?

what effect does this have on tubular fluid?

equillibrium at the 3rd step is what?

Answer 5

Question 6

countercurrent 4th step

what happens?

osmolality at different parts of loop.

(leaving, entering, through loop)

Answer 6

Question 7

countercurrent 5th step

what happens?

additional flow of fluid from proximal tubule causes what?

Answer 7

Question 8

countercurrent step 7

what happens

continues until?

interstitial fluid relationship with descending limb?

what happens in ascending limb?

Answer 8

Question 9

importance of the vasa recta?

what does it do?

permeable to?

vasa recta maintain what via?

increased?

decreased?

Answer 9

Question 10

urea recycling

what is mainly impermeable?

where is it permeable?

what allows the movement?

recycling?

Answer 10

Question 11

what does the countercurrent exchange help establish?

Answer 11

Question 12

what are the main causes of the medullary interstitial osmotic gradient?

Answer 12

Question 13

ADH

synthesized where?

stimulated by what?

what is stimulated causing what?

how quick is the action?

Answer 13

Question 14

what detects changes in osmolality?

how much can cause ADH release?

what else is stimulated?

which pathway is activated first?

Answer 14

Question 15

Late distal tubule and collecting duct cell types?

First type

reabsorb/secrete what? via?

H2O? via? what stims? without it?

second type

reabsorb? secrete? via?

important for? what acts on the cell?

Answer 15

Question 16

Aldosterone

released from? in response to?

works on what?

how does this channel work?

what can increase/decrease aldosterone output?

increased aldosterone always promotes?

Answer 16

Question 17

Aquaporin-2 channel implementation

inserted where?

fewer aquaporin from?

high aquaporin causes?

altering number of aquaporin alters what?

Answer 17

Question 18

Cortical collecting duct and water?

medullary? (controlled by)

pathway for decreased plasma osmolality?

increased?

Answer 18

Question 19

simple rules for ADH?

plasma osmolality values normal?

dehydrated plasma osmolality?

Answer 19

Question 20

type of diabetes that has to due with water?

2 types?

1. central? caused by?

causes? treatment via? receptor?

2. nephrogenic? caused by?

what else can cause?

Answer 20

Question 21

Central vs. nephrogenic

tell between the two how?

Nephrogenic DI can have what how would you help?

Answer 21

Question 22

what causes excessive release of ADH (disease)

what is it? causes?

Answer 22

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

dilution is dependent on what?

why?

water?

overview of this segment of the nephron (the particular action and channels/transporters)

Answer 24

Question 25

water excess what must be removed? what shouldnt be removed? what would happen across the nephron? % filtered fluid reaches distal tubule how much fluid reabsorbed? Urea?

Answer 25

Question 26

Water deficit what happens? max concentration at the end?

Answer 26

Question 27

Hyponatremia what is ti? results usually from? this can be caused by what stimuli? rarely develops from?

Answer 27

Question 28

hypernatremia what is it? caused by? often associated with?

Answer 28

Question 29

urine volumes types? volume? what causes?

Answer 29

Question 30

polyuria what is it? usually associated with? 4 mechanisms for polyluria? water diuresis vs solute diuresis primary cause of each

Answer 30

Question 31

obligatory urine volume? what is minimum solute that must be excreted? how do you calculate the minimum volume? oliguria defined as urine output less than?

Answer 31

Question 32

Free water clearance rate? + vs - values? formula?

Answer 32

in the example you would be dividing by 300

Question 33

ratio of urine osmolarity what is it? what does it tell us? \>1 vs \<1 vs 1

Answer 33

Question 34

Conditions that increased osmolarity (serum, urine) conditions that decrease osmolality (serum, urine)

Answer 34

Question 35

what would a chart that showed the osmolarity and volume of tubular fluid look like? what would ADH do?

Answer 35

Question 36

Answer 36

Low urine osmolality. we also have high plasma osmolality. we would expect ADH to be used to decrease osmolality. since its not working diabetes insipidus. hit his head = neurogenic Of note the point about urine osmo to plasma osmo to find if taking off urine and dehydrated is good to know