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Biol204 > Phylogeny > Flashcards

Phylogeny Flashcards

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1
Q

Location of endostyle

A

Ventral side of pharynx

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2
Q

Distinguishing features of parareptilia

A
  • SHELL

- anapsid skull

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3
Q

Who are the sarcopterygiians?

A

Fleshy-finned fish (osteichthyes)

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4
Q

Describe adult form of urochordate

A

Sessile, filter feeder, has pharyngeal slits, endostyle, incurrent & excurrent siphons, atrium, digestive system

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5
Q

What does the muscular pharyngeal pump of vertebrates replace in urochordates and cephalochordates?

A

Cilia in pharynx

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6
Q

Synapomorphy of eureptilia

A

diapsid skull (2 pairs of temporal fenestrae)

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7
Q

How can amniotes be identified/differentiated?

A

By temporal fenestrae

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8
Q

What is eureptilia divided up into?

A

Lepidosauria, Archosauria

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9
Q

Evolutionary advantages of cranium

A

Protects brain & sensory organs, allowing the brain to grow bigger and better -> Allows more complex & maneuverable body

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10
Q

Distinguishing features of Monotremes

A
  • Embryos develop in leathery-shelled eggs (vs. other mammals: live birth)
  • Cloaca (shared opening for urinary, excretory, reproductive releases)
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11
Q

Describe pharyngeal slits

A

Slits in chamber posterior to mouth, present during at least some point of development of chordates (lost in most adult species, kept under gills in fish)

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12
Q

Polyphyletic group (def)

A

taxa not descended from an immediate common ancestor

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13
Q

Teleostei refers to…

A

A diverse subgroup of Actinopterygii

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14
Q

Describe anatomy of notochord

A

Cell core, fibrous sheath, ventral to hollow nerve cord

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15
Q

Function of endostyle

A

Produce mucus, process iodine (homologous to vertebrate thyroid - processes iodine, produces HORMONES)

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16
Q

Cyclostomes refers to…

A

Agnathans (cyclo-: round, -stomes: mouth -> round-mouthed)

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17
Q

What’s special about Myxinoidean body fluids?

A

Isosmotic w/sea water (v. salty)

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18
Q

Phylogeny (def)

A

Evolutionary history of any group of organisms

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19
Q

Secondary loss (def)

A

Loss of a character shared with an ancestor

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20
Q

Pleisiomorphy (def)

A

Ancestral (inherited) character; relative to taxon under consideration

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21
Q

5 shared traits of chordates

A
  1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  2. endostyle/thyroid
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. postanal tail
  5. notochord
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22
Q

Advantages of muscular pharyngeal pump over cilia

A
  • higher volume flow rate -> eat more, grow bigger
  • more damage-resistant
  • move large particles against a force
  • cilia lining the pharynx limits size
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23
Q

Synapomorphy (def)

A

Derived character shared by 2+ taxa; relative to taxa under consideration

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24
Q

Advantages of jaws & paired fins together

A
  • Allow hunting/more food sources -> can increase metabolic rate & activity
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25
Describe cranium as vertebrate synapomorphy: embryonic origin, function
from neural crest cells & mesenchyme; protects brain & sensory organs, provides structural support, needed for jaws in jawed species
26
Reason for motile urochordate larvae
Can disperse to find new living sites (not for finding food b/c don't really eat during the <1 day larval stage)
27
Traits of amphibia
- aquatic larvae metamorphose to (semi-)terrestrial adults - thin, scaleless, mucus-covered skin for cutaneous respiration - anamniotic eggs: must be kept moist or will dessicate
28
Synapomorphies of Aves
Feathers Air sacs of respiratory system (incl. hollow bones) Endothermy
29
Who are the actinopterygiians?
The ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)
30
Location of dorsal hollow nerve cord
Dorsal to digestive tract
31
Teleostomi refers to...
Osteichthyes & Tetrapoda
32
How do you determine if a character is a synapomorphy or arose from convergent evolution?
Examine intervening species, other members of the taxa
33
How do chondrichthyans maintain their buoyancy?
Oily liver (still slightly more dense than water, so sink to bottom or keep swimming w/heterocercal tail)
34
Who are the metatherians?
Marsupials
35
2 defining features of Agnathans
- no jaw (cyclostome) | - lack bone
36
Monophyletic group (def)
1 ancestor & ALL of its descendents
37
What is chondrichthyes divided up into?
Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates) | Holocephali (ratfish)
38
Who are the monotremes?
Echidna, platypus
39
How do cephalochordates use the pharyngeal slits?
For filter feeding (food sticks on mucus (from endostyle) on pharyngeal bars, moved to digestive tract by cilia)
40
Typical function of post-anal tail
Locomotion (particularly by lateral undulation)
41
Which of the 5 main chordate characteristics are maintained by adult urochordates?
Endostyle, pharyngeal slits (others lost in drastic metamorphosis)
42
Advantages of paired pelvic & pectoral fins
Better stability & steering -> better maneuverability (-> can move up water column to new food sources)
43
Synapomorphies of vertebrates?
Vertebral column, cranium, muscular pharyngeal pump (also neural crest cells)
44
Synapomorphies of amniota
- Extra-embryonic membranes: amnion, chorion, allantois (& yolk sac) - Epidermal scales
45
Defining features of Myxinoidea?
- NO vertebrae - notochord (kept for lateral undulation) - 1 loop of vestibular apparatus
46
Synapomorphies of synapsida
- Endothermy - Synapsid skull - Hair - Mammary glands - 3 middle ear bones & 1 lower jaw bone
47
Location of notochord
Dorsal to digestive tract, ventral to dorsal hollow nerve cord
48
Synapomorphy of teleostomi
Adjustable gas bladder (swim bladder for buoyancy or lungs for gas exchange)
49
What data is used to determine the relation of organisms?
``` Genetics Shared (homologous) characters of living & fossil organisms ```
50
Distinguishing feature of actinopterygii
Ray-fins
51
Function of notochord
Provide longitudinal axis structural support, promote lateral undulation
52
What is Lepidosauria divided into?
Squamata, Sphenodonta
53
Advantage of extra-embryonic membranes in calcareous or leathery shell
Prevent dessication -> can lay eggs on land
54
3 synapomorphies of gnathostomes
1. bone 2. jaws 3. paired pelvic and pectoral fins w/ supportive bony/cartilaginous girdles, muscles
55
Most recent common ancestor (def)
Latest interbreeding population (NOT an individual)
56
Advantages of legs, as tetrapod synapomorphy
Good for bearing weight on land
57
Teleosti (def)
diverse subgroup of Actinopterygii
58
Describe vertebral column as vertebrate synapomorphy
Series of bones/cartilages that allow movement, define body axis, protect dorsal nerve cord
59
Embryonic origin of dorsal hollow nerve cord
Ectoderm (neural plate cells)
60
What is a synapomorphy of metatherians? Any other distinguishing characters?
Yolk sac placenta (made from yolk sac & chorion) ------------------- Young born early in development, grow in marsupium (maternal abdominal pouch)
61
Typical form of post-anal tail
Posterior to anus; contains notochord and myomeres
62
Apomophy (def)
Derived character; relative to taxon under consideration
63
What is archosauria divided up into?
Aves, Crocodilia
64
Which of the 5 main chordate characteristics are retained in adult cephalochordates?
All (no major metamorphosis)
65
Embryonic origin of notochord, role in adult
Mesoderm; usually replaced during development (lesser role in adult)
66
Sarcopterygii synapomorphy (advantages?)
fleshy fins (better for stability in challenging environments, could be used to bear weight)
67
Clade (def)
1 ancestor & ALL of its descendents (monophyletic group)
68
What is synapsida divided up into?
Montrema, then Eutheria & Metatheria
69
How do urochordates use their pharyngeal slits?
For filter feeding (food sticks on mucus (from endostyle) on pharyngeal bars, moved to digestive tract by cilia)
70
Tetrapoda refers to...
Amniotes (Sauropsids & Synapsids) & Anamniotes (Amphibia)
71
Synapomorphy of tetrapods
Legs (chiridium: muscular appendages with well-defined joints and digits)
72
Paraphyletic group (def)
1 ancestor but NOT all of its descendants
73
Synapsida (def)
Mammals
74
Advantages of jaws
good for biting/eating wider variety of food, free pharyngeal bars for gas exchange
75
Synapomorphy of eutherians
Chorioallantoic placenta (chorion & allantois)

Biol204 (13 decks)

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