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Biol204 > Phylogeny > Flashcards

Phylogeny Flashcards

1
Q

Location of endostyle

A

Ventral side of pharynx

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2
Q

Distinguishing features of parareptilia

A
  • SHELL

- anapsid skull

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3
Q

Who are the sarcopterygiians?

A

Fleshy-finned fish (osteichthyes)

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4
Q

Describe adult form of urochordate

A

Sessile, filter feeder, has pharyngeal slits, endostyle, incurrent & excurrent siphons, atrium, digestive system

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5
Q

What does the muscular pharyngeal pump of vertebrates replace in urochordates and cephalochordates?

A

Cilia in pharynx

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6
Q

Synapomorphy of eureptilia

A

diapsid skull (2 pairs of temporal fenestrae)

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7
Q

How can amniotes be identified/differentiated?

A

By temporal fenestrae

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8
Q

What is eureptilia divided up into?

A

Lepidosauria, Archosauria

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9
Q

Evolutionary advantages of cranium

A

Protects brain & sensory organs, allowing the brain to grow bigger and better -> Allows more complex & maneuverable body

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10
Q

Distinguishing features of Monotremes

A
  • Embryos develop in leathery-shelled eggs (vs. other mammals: live birth)
  • Cloaca (shared opening for urinary, excretory, reproductive releases)
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11
Q

Describe pharyngeal slits

A

Slits in chamber posterior to mouth, present during at least some point of development of chordates (lost in most adult species, kept under gills in fish)

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12
Q

Polyphyletic group (def)

A

taxa not descended from an immediate common ancestor

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13
Q

Teleostei refers to…

A

A diverse subgroup of Actinopterygii

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14
Q

Describe anatomy of notochord

A

Cell core, fibrous sheath, ventral to hollow nerve cord

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15
Q

Function of endostyle

A

Produce mucus, process iodine (homologous to vertebrate thyroid - processes iodine, produces HORMONES)

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16
Q

Cyclostomes refers to…

A

Agnathans (cyclo-: round, -stomes: mouth -> round-mouthed)

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17
Q

What’s special about Myxinoidean body fluids?

A

Isosmotic w/sea water (v. salty)

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18
Q

Phylogeny (def)

A

Evolutionary history of any group of organisms

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19
Q

Secondary loss (def)

A

Loss of a character shared with an ancestor

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20
Q

Pleisiomorphy (def)

A

Ancestral (inherited) character; relative to taxon under consideration

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21
Q

5 shared traits of chordates

A
  1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  2. endostyle/thyroid
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. postanal tail
  5. notochord
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22
Q

Advantages of muscular pharyngeal pump over cilia

A
  • higher volume flow rate -> eat more, grow bigger
  • more damage-resistant
  • move large particles against a force
  • cilia lining the pharynx limits size
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23
Q

Synapomorphy (def)

A

Derived character shared by 2+ taxa; relative to taxa under consideration

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24
Q

Advantages of jaws & paired fins together

A
  • Allow hunting/more food sources -> can increase metabolic rate & activity
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25
Q

Describe cranium as vertebrate synapomorphy: embryonic origin, function

A

from neural crest cells & mesenchyme; protects brain & sensory organs, provides structural support, needed for jaws in jawed species

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26
Q

Reason for motile urochordate larvae

A

Can disperse to find new living sites (not for finding food b/c don’t really eat during the <1 day larval stage)

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27
Q

Traits of amphibia

A
  • aquatic larvae metamorphose to (semi-)terrestrial adults
  • thin, scaleless, mucus-covered skin for cutaneous respiration
  • anamniotic eggs: must be kept moist or will dessicate
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28
Q

Synapomorphies of Aves

A

Feathers
Air sacs of respiratory system (incl. hollow bones)
Endothermy

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29
Q

Who are the actinopterygiians?

A

The ray-finned fish (osteichthyes)

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30
Q

Location of dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Dorsal to digestive tract

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31
Q

Teleostomi refers to…

A

Osteichthyes & Tetrapoda

32
Q

How do you determine if a character is a synapomorphy or arose from convergent evolution?

A

Examine intervening species, other members of the taxa

33
Q

How do chondrichthyans maintain their buoyancy?

A

Oily liver (still slightly more dense than water, so sink to bottom or keep swimming w/heterocercal tail)

34
Q

Who are the metatherians?

A

Marsupials

35
Q

2 defining features of Agnathans

A
  • no jaw (cyclostome)

- lack bone

36
Q

Monophyletic group (def)

A

1 ancestor & ALL of its descendents

37
Q

What is chondrichthyes divided up into?

A

Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates)

Holocephali (ratfish)

38
Q

Who are the monotremes?

A

Echidna, platypus

39
Q

How do cephalochordates use the pharyngeal slits?

A

For filter feeding (food sticks on mucus (from endostyle) on pharyngeal bars, moved to digestive tract by cilia)

40
Q

Typical function of post-anal tail

A

Locomotion (particularly by lateral undulation)

41
Q

Which of the 5 main chordate characteristics are maintained by adult urochordates?

A

Endostyle, pharyngeal slits (others lost in drastic metamorphosis)

42
Q

Advantages of paired pelvic & pectoral fins

A

Better stability & steering -> better maneuverability (-> can move up water column to new food sources)

43
Q

Synapomorphies of vertebrates?

A

Vertebral column, cranium, muscular pharyngeal pump (also neural crest cells)

44
Q

Synapomorphies of amniota

A
  • Extra-embryonic membranes: amnion, chorion, allantois (& yolk sac)
  • Epidermal scales
45
Q

Defining features of Myxinoidea?

A
  • NO vertebrae
  • notochord (kept for lateral undulation)
  • 1 loop of vestibular apparatus
46
Q

Synapomorphies of synapsida

A
  • Endothermy
  • Synapsid skull
  • Hair
  • Mammary glands
  • 3 middle ear bones & 1 lower jaw bone
47
Q

Location of notochord

A

Dorsal to digestive tract, ventral to dorsal hollow nerve cord

48
Q

Synapomorphy of teleostomi

A

Adjustable gas bladder (swim bladder for buoyancy or lungs for gas exchange)

49
Q

What data is used to determine the relation of organisms?

A 
Genetics
Shared (homologous) characters of living & fossil organisms
50
Q

Distinguishing feature of actinopterygii

A

Ray-fins

51
Q

Function of notochord

A

Provide longitudinal axis structural support, promote lateral undulation

52
Q

What is Lepidosauria divided into?

A

Squamata, Sphenodonta

53
Q

Advantage of extra-embryonic membranes in calcareous or leathery shell

A

Prevent dessication -> can lay eggs on land

54
Q

3 synapomorphies of gnathostomes

A
  1. bone
  2. jaws
  3. paired pelvic and pectoral fins w/ supportive bony/cartilaginous girdles, muscles
55
Q

Most recent common ancestor (def)

A

Latest interbreeding population (NOT an individual)

56
Q

Advantages of legs, as tetrapod synapomorphy

A

Good for bearing weight on land

57
Q

Teleosti (def)

A

diverse subgroup of Actinopterygii

58
Q

Describe vertebral column as vertebrate synapomorphy

A

Series of bones/cartilages that allow movement, define body axis, protect dorsal nerve cord

59
Q

Embryonic origin of dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Ectoderm (neural plate cells)

60
Q

What is a synapomorphy of metatherians? Any other distinguishing characters?

A

Young born early in development, grow in marsupium (maternal abdominal pouch)

61
Q

Typical form of post-anal tail

A

Posterior to anus; contains notochord and myomeres

62
Q

Apomophy (def)

A

Derived character; relative to taxon under consideration

63
Q

What is archosauria divided up into?

A

Aves, Crocodilia

64
Q

Which of the 5 main chordate characteristics are retained in adult cephalochordates?

A

All (no major metamorphosis)

65
Q

Embryonic origin of notochord, role in adult

A

Mesoderm; usually replaced during development (lesser role in adult)

66
Q

Sarcopterygii synapomorphy (advantages?)

A

fleshy fins (better for stability in challenging environments, could be used to bear weight)

67
Q

Clade (def)

A

1 ancestor & ALL of its descendents (monophyletic group)

68
Q

What is synapsida divided up into?

A

Montrema, then Eutheria & Metatheria

69
Q

How do urochordates use their pharyngeal slits?

A

For filter feeding (food sticks on mucus (from endostyle) on pharyngeal bars, moved to digestive tract by cilia)

70
Q

Tetrapoda refers to…

A

Amniotes (Sauropsids & Synapsids) & Anamniotes (Amphibia)

71
Q

Synapomorphy of tetrapods

A

Legs (chiridium: muscular appendages with well-defined joints and digits)

72
Q

Paraphyletic group (def)

A

1 ancestor but NOT all of its descendants

73
Q

Synapsida (def)

A

Mammals

74
Q

Advantages of jaws

A

good for biting/eating wider variety of food, free pharyngeal bars for gas exchange

75
Q

Synapomorphy of eutherians

A

Chorioallantoic placenta (chorion & allantois)

Biol204 (13 decks)

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