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Biol204 > Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Pelvic girdle attachment in osteichthyes

A

Suspended

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2
Q

Describe limb movement in jumping

A

Hindlimbs extend rapidly to launch into air, forelimbs extend to cushion landing

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3
Q

Type of joint between pelvic girdle & hind limbs of tetrapods

A

Ball and socket (allows wide range of motion)

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4
Q

Effect of sprawled posture on girdles

A

Forces go up and in (medial), so large ventral girdle bones

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5
Q

Girdle composition in chondrichthyes

A

Cartilage

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6
Q

Pelvic girdle attachment in chondrichthyes

A

Suspended

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7
Q

Changes from sarcopterygiian to tetrapod girdles

A
  1. Became stronger, more completely ossified
  2. Thin fin rays -> thick digits
  3. Pectoral girdle detached from skull
  4. Pelvic girdle fused to sacral vertebrae
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8
Q

Advantages of terrestrial tetrapods having forward-pointing digits

A

Increased tractive (pulling) and propulsive (pushing) forces

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9
Q

Components of terrestrial limb locomotion during walking/running

A

Propulsion: contact ground, push/pull body forwards
Recovery: don’t contact ground, bring limb back to propulsive position

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10
Q

Pectoral girdle composition in teleostomi

A

Dermal & replacement bone

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11
Q

Which pelvic girdle bone in tetrapods fuses to the sacral vertebrae?

A

Ilium

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12
Q

Use of sarcopterygiian fins

A

Highly maneuverable -> propulsion, pivoting, supporting some weight

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13
Q

2 types of terrestrial tetrapod limb posture

A

Sprawled (to sides) - many amphibians & sauropsids

Erect (limbs beneath body)

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14
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Paired appendages & supporting girdles

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15
Q

Describe pelvic girdle of birds & reasoning

A

3 bones fuse into innominate bone; provides stability in flight & strength to withstand forces of landing

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16
Q

Pectoral girdle attachment in chondrichthyes

A

Suspended in body wall muscle

17
Q

Advantages of erect limb posture

A

Recovery stroke is efficient pendulum-swing (cursorial movement) -> sagittal plane movement only

18
Q

Describe fin support in jawed fish

A

Proximal: Sturdy elements
Distal: Fin rays

19
Q

Bones of pelvic girdle in tetrapods

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

20
Q

Pelvic girdle composition in teleostomi

A

Replacement bone

21
Q

Why would tetrapods have sturdier, more ossified girdles than sarcopterygiians?

A

Better to support weight and locomotion

22
Q

Effect of erect limb posture on girdles

A

Forces directed upwards, so strong dorsal pectoral girdle (scapula) vs small ventral girdle (clavicles)

23
Q

Advantages of sprawled limb posture

A

Retain lateral undulation -> good for swimming

24
Q

Function of paired fins in sharks & why

A 
Provide stability (against pitch, roll, yaw) b/c stiff & inflexible
Adjust angle for steering
25
Q

Advantages of thick digits of tetrapods over sarcopterygiian thin fin rays

A

better grip, better weight support, sturdier

26
Q

Describe pectoral girdle attachment in tetrapods & reasoning

A

Axial skeleton suspended like a sling by muscles; acts as shock absorber so landing/impact doesn’t transmit forces to skull & brain

27
Q

Why are distal regions of jawed fish fins supported by fin rays?

A

Allow control over surface area of fin hitting water

28
Q

Benefits of detaching pectoral girdle from cranium in sarcopterygii -> tetrapods

A

Head moves independently
Pectoral girdle at better angle (digits can point forwards instead of splaying outwards)
Brain not jarred on each step

29
Q

Disadvantages of sprawled limb posture

A

Recovery stroke requires slow, expensive over-arm swing (dorsal/ventral movement as well as anterior/posterior)

30
Q

What’s special about male sharks’ pelvic girdles?

A

Have long claspers to transfer sperm for internal fertilization

31
Q

Function of pelvic & pectoral girdles

A

Brace, support paired appendages & provide attachment sites for the muscles controlling them

32
Q

Describe pectoral girdle structure in tetrapods compared to osteichthyans

A

Smaller dermal bone components (clavicles)

Larger replacment bones (scapulas, procoracoid, coracoid)

33
Q

Function of actinopterygiian fins & why they can do this

A

Steer, balance, propel

-flexible & mobile -> can execute precise maneuvers, but doesn’t provide speed

34
Q

Pectoral girdle attachment in osteichthyes

A

Fused to vertebral column & sometimes also to skull

35
Q

Benefits of fusing pelvic girdle to sacral vertebrae in tetrapods

A

More efficient transfer of energy from hindlimb propulsion to vertebral column via girdle

36
Q

Describe adaptation of pectoral girdle in birds

A

Clavicles fuse into furculum; acts as spring to make flight & breathing more efficient

Biol204 (13 decks)

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