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Biol204 > Axial skeleton > Flashcards

Axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Centra type: Chondrichthyes

A

Amphicoelous

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2
Q

Procoelous vertebrae (def)

A

Anterior: concave
Posterior: convex
Entire centrum solid with cartilaginous intervertebral disks

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3
Q

What structure carries blood vessels to the head through the cervical vertebra(e)?

A

Transverse foramen

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4
Q

Describe vertebrae of gnathostomes, generally (compared to early vertebrates & agnathans)

A

Vertebrae are main axial support, attachment site for body muscles

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5
Q

Amphicoelous vertebrae (def)

A

Centra concave on both ends, surrounds notochord from head to tail

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6
Q

Effect of neural spine angle on function

A

Grow to better withstand forces by making them compressive

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7
Q

Describe agnathan ribs

A

Non-existent

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8
Q

Form & function of ribs in gnathostomes

A

Cartilage/replacement bone struts

Muscle attachment, protect viscera

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9
Q

Opisthocoelous vertebrae (def)

A

Anterior: convex
Posterior: concave
Centrum solid, with cartilaginous intervertebral disks

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10
Q

Who has lots of cervical vertebrae & why?

A

Aves, parareptilia -> allows greater flexibility

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11
Q

Centra type: Osteichthyes

A

Amphicoelous

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12
Q

Describe the axial skeleton of Myxinoidea

A

None -> 2° loss

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13
Q

Sacrum: structure & function

A

Fused sacral vertebrae supporting pelvic girdle

Strong -> can withstand hind limb forces

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14
Q

Who has procoelous or opisthocoelous vertebrae?

A

Most sauropsids (except aves), many amphibians (not all)

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15
Q

Heterocoelous vertebrae (def)

A

Both ends saddle-shaped
Vertebrae can move in different directions relative to each other (flexible)
Cartilaginous intervertebral disks

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16
Q

Centra type: Mammals

A

Acoelous

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17
Q

Describe the axial skeleton of Petromyzontida

A

DORSAL (only) cartilaginous arches protecting spinal cord; no muscle connection or body support

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18
Q

Describe the axial skeleton of Osteichthyes

A

Ossified
Centra: Major axial support, surrounds notochord
Neural arches & hemal arches
Neural spines & ribs are large for muscle attachment

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19
Q

Function of intervertebral ligaments

A

Control/limit flexibility & movement of vertebral column

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20
Q

Who has an atlas?

A

Tetrapods

21
Q

Function of neural spines in terrestrial mammals

A

Muscle attachment to pull vertebral column into arch to direct compressive forces into centra, then down into legs

22
Q

Describe amniote ribs

A

Some, at least, connect to sternum

23
Q

Centra type: Sauropsids other than Aves

A

Procoelous or opisthocoelous

24
Q

Acoelous vertebrae (def)

A

Flat on both ends

25
Q

Transverse foramen (def)

A

Holes in cervical vertebrae to carry blood vessels to head

26
Q

Synsacrum structure

A

Fused sacral, lumbar, some thoracic & caudal vertebrae in aves

27
Q

Describe bird sternum, function

A

Large carina/keel - for attachment of flight muscles

28
Q

Describe the atlas

A
  • most anterior cervical vertebra
  • no centrum
  • allows nodding motion
  • seen in all tetrapods
29
Q

Describe fish ribs

A

single-headed

30
Q

Define zygapophyses & give their function

A

Processes on the anterior and posterior neural spine

Lock with those on adjacent vertebrae to prevent torsion

31
Q

Describe axial skeleton regionalization in gnathostome fish and what it says about them

A

Trunk (has ribs), caudal (has no ribs)

Similar throughout because 1 function: muscle attachment for swimming

32
Q

Who has amphicoelous vertebrae?

A

Chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, some amphibians

33
Q

Function of synsacrum

A

Stability in flight
Strength in landing
Can be thinner/lighter b/c stronger, don’t need muscles & ligaments to maintain posture

34
Q

Describe vertebrae of early vertebrates, agnathans (general)

A

notochord acts as main axial support, vertebrae are cartilaginous arches protecting spinal cord (neural arches) and dorsal aorta (hemal arches)

35
Q

Who has acoelous vertebrae?

A

Mammals

36
Q

Describe the axial skeleton of Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous
Centrum: support, surrounds notochord
Neural arches: protect spinal cord
Hemal arches (caudal vertebrae), ribs (trunk vertebrae): protect dorsal aorta & other blood vessels

37
Q

Centra type: Mammals

A

Acoelous

38
Q

Describe the axis

A

2nd cervical vertebra
Has odontoid process projecting anteriorly into atlas neural canal;
Allows head rotation

39
Q

Describe amphibian ribs

A

Short (don’t connect to sternum)

40
Q

Describe axial skeleton regionalization in early tetrapods and what it says about them

A

Cervical: allows cranial mobility (not needed in fish b/c decreases streamlining)
Trunk
Sacral: for pelvic girdle attachment
Caudal

41
Q

How does neural spine height affect function?

A

Increases length of lever arm -> same muscle can do more work in pulling column into arch

42
Q

Who has zygapophyses?

A

Tetrapods

43
Q

Centra type: Amphibia

A

Most: procoelous or opisthocoelous
Some: amphicoelous

44
Q

Describe aves ribs

A

Uncinate processes connect vertebral (costal) ribs, expanding ribcage faster

45
Q

Describe axial skeleton regionalization in early amniotes and what it says about them

A

Cervical (cranial motility), thoracic (ribs), lumbar (no ribs), sacral (pelvic girdle attachment), caudal
-Lumbar allows back to flex as hind limbs push forwards for more efficient propulsion; decreases protection

46
Q

Function of sternum

A

Support & stabilize pectoral girdle

47
Q

Who has an axis?

A

Amniotes

48
Q

Who has heterocoelous vertebrae?

A

Aves

49
Q

Effect of locomotion method on sternum size

A

Bigger if forelimbs important in locomotion (lots of forces)

Biol204 (13 decks)

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