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Biology A Level > Photosynthesis And Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis And Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6+6O2

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

Plants and algae are able to carry out photosynthesis and you simple inorganic molecules to synthesise complex organic molecules energy is obtained from light

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Animals and fungi organisms which obtain organic molecules by digesting and absorbing complex organic molecules
The organic molecules are used for growth and respiration

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4
Q

LDR where

A

Thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

LIR where

A

Stroma

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6
Q

Thylakoid

A

Site if LDR

contain photo systems/ photosynthetic pigments

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7
Q

Granum

A

Stacks of thylakoid

Stack to maximise likelihood of light striking photosynthetic pigments

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8
Q

Stroma

A

Site of LIR

Contain enzyme ls

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9
Q

Starch grain

A

Stores products of photosynthesis as starch

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis for chloroplast

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11
Q

DNA

A

Carries genes coding for protein/enzymes found in the chloroplasts

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12
Q

Membrane

A

Enclose stroma and separate contents from cytoplasm

Control passage of substances in and out of the chloroplast

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13
Q

4 types of photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotene
Xanthopyll

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14
Q

Action spectrum

A

Rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength

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15
Q

Photosystems

A

Where photosynthetic pigment molecules are arranged in clusters in the thylakoids membrane

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16
Q

Accessory pigment

A

Carotenoids
Around the primary pigment and absorb light energy and pass the energy from one to another and then onto the primary pigment

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17
Q

Primary pigment

A

Chlorophyll A

Reaction centres were electrons are excited to higher energy levels during LDR

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18
Q

Redox reactions

A

Involve oxidation and reduction
Occur during photosynthesis
OILRIG

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19
Q

Co enzymes

4

A

Molecules that aid the function of an enzyme

Usually work by transferring a chemical from one molecule to another

Photosynthesis = NADP

Transfers hydrogens in the form of ions from one molecule to another

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20
Q

Light dependant reaction

5

A

Excitation and photoionisation

Photolysis of water

Non cyclic phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

Cyclic phosphorylation

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21
Q

Excitation and photoionisation
LDR
4

A

Rection requires light energy which is absorbed by the chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments present in photo systems
The light energy causes the excitation of electrons in the chlorophyll and results in the electrons having more energy and being released from the chlorophyll molecule
The chlorophyll molecule is oxidised and becomes more positively charged
An electron acceptor gains the electron and becomes reduced

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22
Q

Non cyclic phosphorylation

2

A

PSII and PSI are linked through a series of protein electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes forming an electron transport chain
Excited electrons lost from PSII are passed through the series of electron carriers to PSI, as they do so the electrons lose energy and this energy is used to add a phosphate to ADP to form ATP and reduce the coenzyme NADP to reduced NADP

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23
Q

Chemiosmosis

4

A

As the electrons flow down the electron transport chain from PSII to PSI some of the energy is used to transport proteins into the thylakoid space
This produces a proton gradient and the protons move down their concentration gradient into the stroma through the enzyme ATP synthase, which is in the thylakoid membrane
The energy from the movement is coupled to combining ADP and inorganic phosphate

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24
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation

3

A

Doesnt involve PSII
Electrons from the chlorophyll molecule are passed through photo system I to

produce ATP but no reduced NADP

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25
Q

Light independent reaction

A

ATP and reduced NADP produced in the light dependent reaction are used to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrate
The reactions were first discovered by a scientist called Melvin Calvin so is called Calvin cycle

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26
Q

Three reactions in LIR

A

Carbon dioxide fixation

Formation of TP from GP

Regeneration of RuBP

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27
Q

Carbon dioxide fixation

LIR

A

CO2 molecules enter through the stomata and diffuse into the stroma of the chloroplast it then combines with a five carbon compound called ribulose biphosphate to form two molecules of a three carbon compound called glycerate 3 phosphate
The enzyme catalysing the reaction is Rubisco

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28
Q

Formation of TP from GP

LIR

A

The GP is the reduced by NADPH to a 3C compound called TP
2 ATP are required as a source of energy
The NADPH and ATP have been produced by all the light dependant reaction
Some GP is used to synthesise amino acids the plant would also require a source of nitrogen and sulphur

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29
Q

Regeneration of RuBP

LIR

A

5/6th of all TP formed is used to regenerate the RuBP so that the cycle can continue
1/6th of all TP formed is used to produce organic compounds for the plant such as glucose, cellulose lipids
To produce a hexose sugar such as glucose 6x cycles would be required. Therefore a total of 6CO2 , 18ATP and 12 NADPH would be needed

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30
Q

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on light independent intermediates

A

When the concentration of carbon dioxide is reduced then less is available to react with RuBP and therefore less GP and TP are formed and the levels of RuBP increase

31
Q

Effect of light intensity on levels of light independent intermediates

A

When light is removed the light dependant reactions cannot take place and consequently there is no ATP or NADPH available for the reduction of GP to TP therefore the concentration of GP rises but the concentration of TP and RuBP falls

32
Q

Effect of temperature on levels of light independent intermediates

A

As the temperature increases the rate of the reactions increases but the relative levels of the intermediates are i unchanged
However at higher temperatures oxygen competes with carbon dioxide for the rubisco enzyme and so less carbon dioxide is fixed
The level of RuBP rises and the levels of GP and TP fall
Results in photo respiration
At very high temp rubisco enzyme may denature

33
Q

Increasing plant growth

A

Agricultural growers can ensure that they provide an environment where plants get the right amount of everything they need to maximise the rates of photosynthesis and therefore increase plant growth and therefore yield

34
Q

Growers create optimum conditions in glasshouse

Carbon dioxide concentration

A

Use a propane burner to increase CO2 in the air

Glasshouse

35
Q

Growers create optimum conditions in glasshouse

Light

A

Light passes through the glass and fluorescent lighting can be used at night

36
Q

Growers create optimum conditions in glasshouse

Temperature

A

Glasshouse can trap heat energy from sunlight which increases the temperature
Heaters can be used to increase the temperature and cooling systems and air vents to decrease the temperature

37
Q

Compensation point

A

The light intensity where the rate of photosynthesis exactly equals the rate of respiration and there is no net gas exchange in or out of the plant

38
Q

Thin layer chromatography

A

Mobile phase= solvent

Stationary phase= TLC

39
Q

Rf

A

Distance travelled by spot/

distance travelled by solvent front

40
Q

DCPIP

A

acts as an electron acceptor and gets reduced and there’s a colour change

41
Q

Respiration is

A

The process where cells break down glucose go produce ATP from glucose

42
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Requires oxygen and fully breaks down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and many ATP. It involves mitochondria

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Does not require oxygen and glucose is not fully broken down
In animals lactate is produced and in plants and yeast ethanol and carbon dioxide

44
Q

ATP is

3

A

The immediate source of energy in a cell
A cell is unable to directly get energy from glucose
Therefore the energy released from glucose in respiration is used to produce ATP from ADP and Pi in a condensation reaction

45
Q

ATP
The energy is stored
5

A

Short term
As chemical energy in the phosphate bond and ATP synthase is the enzyme that catalysés the reaction
ATP is then used to carry the energy to where it is required where it can be hydrolysed back to ADP and Pi releasing the energy from the phosphate bind which supplies the energy required for the process
The enzyme used from this reaction is called ATP hydrolase

46
Q

ATP
Uses/ properties
5

A

Only real ease small manageable amounts of energy

Small, soluble easily transported and broken down inside cells, cannot pass out of cell, can be re made

Used to transfer phosphates to other chemicals, known as phosphorylation

Rapidly hydrolysed to releasable energy

Easily resunthesised using energy from the breakdown of respiratory sub strates eg glucose

47
Q

Coenzymes

A

Molecules that some enzymes require in order to function

Play an important role in photosynthesis and respiration

48
Q

4 co enzyme examples

A

NAD I’works with dehydrogenase enzymes in glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and carries hydrogens from one molecule to another

FAD involves in Krebs cycle

Coenzyme A in link reaction and Lrebs

NADP involves in the LDR and LIR of photosynthesis

49
Q

Structure of mitochondria

4

A

Inner folded membrane of a mitochondrion forms the Cristae
Embedded in the membrane is a series of electron carriers forming the electron transport chain
The membrane also contains ATP synthase which look like stalked particles
Both of these are involved in oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

Metabolically active cells will have

A

High numbers of mitochondrial to synthesise large amount of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

Matrix

Role

A

Interior of the mitochondrion

Where enzymes for the link reaction and Krebs cycle are

52
Q

Cristae

Role

A

Highly folded inner membrane provides a large SA
The membrane contains enzymes and proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation
These include those that make up the electron transport chain and also ATP synthase

53
Q

ATP synthase

A

Hydrogen ions can move by facilitated diffusion through the Chanel in the ATP synthase
This movement is coupled to the synthesis

54
Q

Outer membrane

A

Quite permeable contains porins that allows small molecules to pass through slowly

55
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Metabolic reactions which build large molecules from small

56
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Metabolic reactions that hydrolyse large molecules into small

57
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

58
Q

Dephosporylation

A

The loss of a phosphate group from a molecule

59
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Loss of a carbon dioxide from a molecule

60
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of hydrogen/ electrons

61
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of hydrogen/ electrons

62
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Producing ATP by addition of a phosphate group in the krebs cycle and glycolysis

63
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Producing ATP using a gradient of hydrogen ions

64
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The loss of hydrogen atoms from a molecule

65
Q

Aerobic respiration 4 stages

A

Glycolysis

The link reaction

The Krebs cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

66
Q

Glycolysis in cytoplasm

5+2

A

Phosphorylation; glucose is phosphorylated using just the phosphate from the ADP to form glucose phosphate and ADP.
ATP is the used to add another phosphate to form hexose biphosphate.
Hexose biphosphate then splits into two molecules of triose phosphate

Oxidation; triose phosphate is oxidised to form two molecules pyruvate .
NAD is a coenzyme that is used with dehydrogenase enzymes that accepts the hydrogens to become reduced NAD .
Reduced NAD will be used later in oxidative phosphorylation to synthesise more ATP.

Net gain of 2 ATP
Pyruvate are then actively transported into the matrix for the link reaction

67
Q

The link reaction in matrix

3

A

Decarboxylation and oxidation; pyruvate 3C is decarboxylated to produce carbon dioxide and oxidised to produce reduced NAD and acetate
The acetate then combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

For every glucose molecule, 2CO2 2 reduced NAD and 2 acetyl coenzyme As produced. No ATP

68
Q

Krebs cycle in matrix

5+2

A

Acetyl coenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle and combine with a 4C compound called oxaloacetate to form a 6C intermediate called citrate and co enzyme A whic can be reused
The 6C intermediate is then decarboxylated and oxidised to form CO2 and reduced NAD and a 5C intermediate
The 5C intermediate is then decarboxylated and oxidised to form reduced NAD and reduced FAD.ATP is also synthesised from ADP ad Pi. This is known as substrate level phosphorylation . The intermediate is oxidised further to form more red NAD and the 4C oxaloacetate is then regenerated so the cycle can continue.
Intermediates can also be used by cells in he manufacture of other substances such as fatty acids and amino acids
For every glucose, cycle occurs twice as two acetyl coA are produced. For every glucose,2CO2,6 reduced NAD 2 reduced FAD

69
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

7

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms are released from the reduced NAD and FAD. The hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons.
  2. The electrons pass through the electron carriers in the electron transfer chain in a series of redox reactions.
  3. As the electrons move along the chain they lose energy which is used to pump protons(H+) from the mitochondrial matrix into the inter membrane space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria.
  4. This forms an electrochemical gradient. There are now more protons in the inter membrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix.
  5. The protons then move down the electrochemical gradient from the inter membrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix through the ATP synthase which is embedded in the membrane.
  6. The flow of the H+ through the ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. The process of ATP production linked to the flow of electrons and production of the H+ gradient is known as chemiosmotic theory
  7. At the end of the electron transport chain, the protons electrons combine with oxygen, the final electron acceptor to form water.
70
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Does not require the presence of oxygen

Takes place in the cytoplasm and doesn’t require the presence of mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm followed by additional stages

Glucose is not completely broken down which results in less ATP (2) compared to aerobic

71
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

In plants and yeast

A

Carbon dioxide is produced to produce ethanol.
Hydrogens from reduced NAD are then used to reduce ethanal and produce ethanol
Consequently NAD is regenerated so it can be used again so glycolysis can continue, as the reduced NAD will not be able to enter oxidative phosphorylation, as there will be no oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
Irreversible

72
Q

Lactate fermentation

In animals and some bacteria

A

Hydrogens from reduced NAD are then used to reduce pyruvate to produce lactate.
Consequently NAD is regenerated so it can be used again in glycolysis.
Reversible and after exercise lactate can be converted back to pyruvate and then either respires aerobically to produce ATP or convert back to glucose.

73
Q

3 respiratory substrate

A

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

74
Q

RESPIRATION EXPERIMENTS

A

LEARN

Biology A Level (18 decks)

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