MICE key Words Flashcards
Interphase
DNA replication occurs
Prophase
• Spindle fibres migrate to opposite poles of the cell
• Chromosomes coil and condense and become visible
(each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids
held together by a centromere)
• The nuclear membrane breaks down
Metaphase
spindle fibres are produced and attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes
• chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase
• Spindle fibres shorten and separate the sister chromatids which are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
- Nuclear envelopes reform
* Chromosomes decondense
Cytokinesis
• Cytoplasm divides
Binary fission
The process by which prokaryotic cells divide
Pathogen
A disease causing agent
Toxin
A poison produced by a living organism
Antigen
A foreign protein or glycoprotein which stimulates an immune response
Clonal selection
Activation of a specific B cell that produces the antibody specific to an antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies which are identical and come from plasma cells belonging to one/the same clone. They are all specific to only one antigen
Antibody
A protein produced by B plasma cells which binds to a specific, complementary antigen
Agglutination
The clumping together of antigen-bearing cells in the presence on their complementary antibody
Vaccine
A vaccine contains an antigen, or several antigens from a pathogen that stimulate an immune response.
Herd immunity
When enough individuals are immune to prevent the spread of a pathogen, because of the lack of susceptible hosts.
Active immunity
Immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system
Passive immunity
Immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. This provides short term immunity.
Tracheoles
Network of tubes within an insect which transport air for gas exchange
Spiracles
Pores on the surface of an insect which allow air in and out
Xerophyte
A plant adapted to live in a very dry environment
Diaphragm
Muscle which separates the abdomen and thorax
Intercostal muscles
Muscles found between the ribs and are responsible for moving them during ventilation
Digestion
When large molecule are hydrolysed to form smaller molecules
Endopeptidase
An enzyme which hydrolyses any peptide bond apart from the terminal ones in a polypeptide chain.
Exopeptidase
An enzyme which hydrolyses the terminal peptide bond in a polypeptide chain.
Dipeptidase
An enzyme which hydrolyses dipeptides into amino acids
Micelles
An aggregate of lipid molecules within an aqueous solution
Mass transport
The bulk movement of substances over a large distance within an organism.
Bohr effect
Haemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen is inversely related to the concentration of CO2 and acidity.
Xylem
Vascular tissue in plants which carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots up the plant
Cohesion tension theory
The water potential in the leaf cells decreases
• This causes water to move out the xylem into
surrounding tissues by osmosis
• This creates tension on the water in the xylem
• The water in the xylem is in a continuous column due
to cohesion between water molecules due to H-bonds
• The column doesn’t break due to adhesion (H-bonds
between the water molecules and the walls of the xylem)
Phloem
Vascular tissue in plants which carries sugars around the plant from sources to sinks – e.g. could be from leaves or it could be from underground storage tissues in spring
Standard deviation
The spread of data around the mean
Clonal expansion
The B cell divides to produce a genetically identical clone of plasma cells, each producing large amounts of this specific antibody.
