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Biology A Level > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Monomer

A

Small unit from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

3 examples of monomers

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides

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4
Q

Condensation reaction

A

The joining of two molecules together

A chemical bond is formed and a molecule of water is eliminated

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5
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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6
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The monomer for larger carbohydrate

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7
Q

3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose and galactose and fructose

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8
Q

Joining of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide formed by condensation reaction

Glycosidic bond formed

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9
Q

Maltose is from

A

Two glucose

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10
Q

Sucrose is from

A

Glucose and fructose

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11
Q

Lactose is from

A

Glucose and galactose

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12
Q

To isomers of glucose

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

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13
Q

Polysaccharides are formed bye

A

The condensation of many glucose in units

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14
Q

Starch

A

Large polysaccharide joined by glycosidic bonds Formed by condensation reactions between alpha glucose monomers

Insoluble So doesn’t effet the water potential of the cell so water doesn’t move into the cell by osmosis

Amylose- Coiled compact molecule so can be stored in a small space alpha glucose monomers joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin- branched polymer with 1,4 glycosidic bond and 1,6 glycosidic bonds between adjacent c1 and c6

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15
Q

Test for reducing sugar

A

Benedict and heat red precipitate

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16
Q

Test for non reducing sugar

A

Test for reducing sugar add HCL boil add N a OH add Benedicks heat

RESULT??***

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17
Q

Test for starch

A

Add iodine

Turns black

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18
Q

Two groups of lipids

A

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

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19
Q

Triglycerides firmed by

A

Condensation Reaction between glycerol and three fatty acid and an Esta bond is formed

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20
Q

The r group Of a fatty acid can be

A

Saturated or unsaturated

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21
Q

phospholipids structure

A

One of the fatty acids is substituted by a phosphate containing group
The phosphate group is electrically charged polar which makes it attracted to water

The hydrocarbon chain is repelled by water and is hydrophobic

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22
Q

Phospholipid and triglyceride properties

A

Learn!!!

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23
Q

Test for lipids

A

Add ethanol shake a few drops of water

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24
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

Nh2 amine group
CooH carboxyl group
R group - carbon containing side chain

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25
Q

Twenty amino acids

A

Common in all organisms differ only on their side group

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26
Q

Protein condensation reaction

A

Between two amino acids

Peptide bond forms

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27
Q

Dipeptide formed by

A

Condensation of two amino acids

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28
Q

Polypeptides are formed by

A

Condensation of many amino acids

29
Q

Functional protein can contain

A

One or more polypeptides

30
Q

Different bonds in proteins

A

Hydrogen
Ionic
Covalent
Disulphides bridge

Learn!!!

31
Q

Protein structure

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Learn!!!

32
Q

4 key biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

33
Q

Elements found on biological molecules

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus 
Sulphur
34
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking placeIn the cells of an organism

35
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breaking large molecules into smaller ones

36
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Joining the smaller molecules into larger ones

37
Q

Properties of water

A

A very small dipolar molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom
The electrons in the water are not shared evenly between the hydrogen and oxygen
The larger oxygen pulls the electron closer and become slightly negative and the hydrogen become slightly positive
This forms a hydrogen bond which can be continually broken and reformed

38
Q

Water

Metabolic role

A

Many metabolic reactions involve condensation and hydrolysis reactions

39
Q

Water

High latent heat or vaporisation

A

The evaporation of water requires a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds when water evaporates it removes the heat and has a
Cooling effect

40
Q

Water

Liquid with relatively high boiling point

A

The continual making and breaking of hydrogen bonds means that it is a liquid
It is difficult for a water molecule to escape liquid which means the boiling point is high

41
Q

Water

Low density of ice

A

As water is called the Molecules slowdown and more hydrogen bonds form to form a crystalline structure
This is less dense than water so it floats and insulate the organisms beneath it

42
Q

Water high specific heat capacity

A

The hydrogen bonds prevent the movement of the water molecules so large amount of energy required to increase the temperature
This means a large bodies of water are thermostable even when there are large external fluctuations of temperature

43
Q

Water cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick together this results in surface tension which means some organisms can walk on water
Water can be transported up the xylem as cohesion between water molecules makes a long thin columns of water difficult to break
Adhesions is when water molecules stick to other services

44
Q

Water

Solvent

A

Polar molecules like ions will dissolve well in the water
The negative irons will be attracted to the positive end of the water and the positive ions to the negative end
Water molecules cluster around any charge parts of solute molecules
This allows metabolic reactions such as photosynthesis and respiration take place in the cytoplasm

45
Q

Water

Transport medium

A

Good transport medium as water is a good solvent and remains liquid over a wide range of temperatures

46
Q

Water
Transparent
Support
Lubricant

A

Aquatic animals can undergo photosynthesis

Turgid plant cells

Constituents of synovial fluid

47
Q

Inorganic ions

A

Generally ions that don’t contain carbon

48
Q

Hydrogen ions and PH

Inorganic ions

A

PH is a measure of the H+ concentration in solution

49
Q

Iron ions in haemoglobin

Inorganic ions

A

Iron atom can attract and hold an oxygen molecule

50
Q

Sodium ions in co transporters

Inorganic ions

A

The sodium ion is linked with either glucose or amino acid molecules in the same direction across the membrane

51
Q

Phosphate ion

Inorganic ions

A

DNA RNA and ATP all contain phosphate groups

The phosphate bonds in ATP store energy

The phosphate groups in DNA and RNA allow phosphodiester bonds to form between nucleotides forming polynucleotide

52
Q

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

A

Alpha-easily transported and used in respiration OH group below the carbon on C1 and C4

Beta- Found in Celulose OH group below carbon on C4 and above on C1

53
Q

Glycogen

A

Similar to starch with more branches and shorter
Large and insoluble formed by condensation reaction between alpha glucose
Doesn’t affect the water potential
Compact and can be stored in small spaces
Highly branched so glycosidic bonds can be rapidly hydrolysed by enzymes to form alpha glucose monomers which can be easily transported and used in respiration

54
Q

Cellulose

A

Straight, unbranched, forms plant cell walls
Made of beta glucose held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reactions
Each beta glucose is rotated 180 degrees
Parallel chains of beta glucose link by hydrogen bonds between the OH groups to form bundles called microfibrils which are very strong and prevent the cell wall bursting
Insoluble and un reactive
Cellulose can’t be digested by animal as they don’t have the right enzyme

55
Q

Lipids are not

A

Polymers

56
Q

4 functions of triglycerides

A

Source of energy- lipids have a higher proportion of hydrogen to oxygen atoms and when oxidised released twice the energy as the same mass as carbohydrates and proteins
Insulators- slow conductor of heat and help retain body heat as an electrical insulator as the myelin sheath in nerve cells
Non polar Insoluble in water therefore useful for waterproofing
Protection Fat is stored around delicate organs and acts as a shock absorber

57
Q

Saturated triglycerides

Mono- unsaturated

Polyunsaturated

A

No C=C bonds

One C=C

More than one C=C

58
Q

Phospholipid found in

A

Cell membranes

59
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The hydrophobic tail points towards the centre the hydrophilic head points outwards

Phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier which controls the movement of molecules through it
The hydrophobic tail prevents water soluble molecules passing through however lipid soluble Molecules can diffuse through directly

60
Q

Protein function

A 
Structural- used in making new cells for growth and repair 
Enzymes- control metabolic reactions 
Hormones
Antibodies in the immune response
Protein receptors
Transport proteins
Antigens
61
Q

Protein primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

Primary structure determines secondary and then tertiary structure

62
Q

Protein secondary structure

A

Coils to form alpha helix

Folds to form beta pleated sheet

Held together by many weak hydrogen bonds which overall make the structure

63
Q

Tertiary structure protein

A

Further folding of polypeptide chain to give more complex 3D shape and is closely related to the function. Stabilised by

H bonds- weak and between R groups
Ionic bonds- between positive and negatively charged R groups
Disulphides bonds- strong covalent bonds formed between sulphurs in the R group of the amino acid cysteine
Hydrophobic interactions- between non polar R groups which tend to cluster together towards the centre of the molecules

64
Q

Protein quaternary structure

A

Made up of one or more polypeptide chain

65
Q

Fibrous protein

A

Form long fibres
Regular repetitive sequence
Usually insoluble in water
Tend to have structural roles

66
Q

Fibrous protein example

A

Collagen- found in skin bones and ligaments
Made of three identical left handed helix polypeptide chains wound around each other to form a triple helix
Every third amino acid is glycine which is small so allows three polypeptides to pack closely
3 chains held together by hydrogen bonds
Collagen molecules cross link through covalent bonds to form fibres which give it great strength

67
Q

Globular proteins

A

Fold up into a compact ball shape
Hydrophobic r groups on amino acids tend to be turned inwards towards the centre of the protein And hydrophilic r groups tend to be on the outside
They tend to be more water soluble
Metabolic role
Wide range of amino acid sequence in their structure

68
Q

Globular protein example

A

Haemoglobin
Quaternary structure
2 alpha and 2 beta

Compact ball shape

Biology A Level (18 decks)

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