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Biology > Photosynthesis and Respiration > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

when plants use energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

in chloroplasts in green plant cells

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3
Q

what do green plant cells contain?

A

pigments like chlorophyll that absorb light

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4
Q

how is energy transferred to the chloroplasts?

A

by light

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5
Q

photosynthesis is endothermic, what does this mean?

A

energy is transferred from the environment in the process

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6
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water ——–(light)——–> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

what is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

(6)CO2 + (6)H2O ——–(light)—–> C6 H12 O6 + (6)O2

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8
Q

what are the 5 ways plants use glucose?

A

respiration
making cellulose
making amino acids
stored oils or fats
stored as starch

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9
Q

how do plants use glucose for respiration?

A

this transfers energy from glucose which enables the plant to convert the rest if the glucose into various other useful substances

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10
Q

how do plants use glucose to make cellulose?

A

glucose is converted into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls

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11
Q

how do plants use glucose to make amino acids?

A

glucose is combines with nitrate ions( absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids, which are then made into proteins

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12
Q

how do plants use glucose to store oils or fats?

A

glucose is turned into lipids for storing in seeds

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13
Q

how do plants use glucose to store starch?

A

glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves, ready for when photosynthesis isn’t happening, like in the winter. starch is insoluble, which makes it much better for storing than glucose - a cell with lots of glucose in would draw in loads of water and swell up.

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14
Q

what are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.

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15
Q

the limiting factor depends on…..

A

environmental conditions

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16
Q

what can also be a limiting factor for photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

how can chlorophyll be a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

the amount of chlorophyll in a plant can be affected by diseases or environmental stress, such as a lack of nutrients. these factors can cause chloroplasts to become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll, this means the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because they cant absorb as much light.

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18
Q

what does light provide in photosynthesis?

A

the energy needed for photosynthesis

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19
Q

as the light level is raised the rate of photosynthesis………

A

increases steadily, but only up to a certain point. beyond the certain point the rate will no longer increase because temp or co2 level will be a limiting factor.

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20
Q

what happens if there is not enough light?

A

slows down the rate of photosynthesis

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21
Q

too little carbon dioxide means?

A

the rate of photosynthesis will slow down.

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22
Q

as long as light and co2 are in plentiful supply then the limiting factor must be

A

temperature

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23
Q

what is usually the limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

temperature because it is too low, the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at lower temperatures.

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24
Q

what happens when the temp gets too hot?

A

the enzyme it needs for photosynthesis and its other reactions will be damaged/denatured usually 45 degrees means enzymes destroyed

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25
Q

how could you measure the effects of light intensity in pond weed?

A

the rate at which pond weed produces oxygen corresponds to the rate at which its photosynthesising, the faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster the rate of photosynthesis.

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26
Q

how does the pond weed experiment work?

A

1) a source of white light is placed at a specific distance from the pond weed
2) the pond weed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time. as it photosynthesises the oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube
3) at the end of the experiment, the syringe is used to draw the gas bubble in the tube up alongside a ruler and the length of a gas bubble is measured. this is proportional to the volume of o2 produced.
4) for this experiment, any variables that could affect the results should be controlled, eg the temp and time the pond weed is left to photosynthesises
5)the experiment is repeated twice with the light source at the same distance and the mean volume of o2 produced is calculated
6) then the whole experiment is repeated with the light source at different distances from the pond weed.

27
Q

how can the experiment be altered to measure the effect of temperature or CO2 on photosynthesis?

A

1) the test tube of pond weed can be put into a water bath at a set temp or a measured amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate ca n be dissolved in the water.
2) the experiment can then be repeated with different temps of water/ concentrations of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

28
Q

what is the inverse square law?

A

if you halve the distance, the light intensity will be four times bigger, and if you divide the distance by 3 the light intensity will be 9 times greater.

light intensity (proportional symbol) 1/ distance (distance squared)

29
Q

how do farmers control the environment for photosynthesis?

A

using greenhouses to make sure crops get the right amount of carbon dioxide, light and heat. they can alter the conditions using paraffin heaters, artificial light and ventilation. this ensures nothing becomes a limiting factor of photosynthesis, which means good crop is produced.

30
Q

what is respiration?

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose

31
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide +water

32
Q

how do humans and other animals get glucose?

A

from the food they eat

33
Q

how do plants get glucose?

A

Plants make their own glucose in photosynthesis

34
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration is the process that the body uses to release energy from digested food (glucose). Aerobic respiration takes place in the Mitochondria. Aerobic respiration happens with oxygen.

35
Q

what is the balanced equation for respiration?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + Energy

36
Q

Name 2 things the energy released from respiration is used for

A

growth and repair, protein synthesis, nerve impulse

37
Q

Which type of respiration uses oxygen?

A

Aerobic

38
Q

What is broken down to release energy?

A

‘Food substances’ i.e. GLUCOSE

39
Q

In which organelle does respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

40
Q

What’s the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

It’s the same equation but backwards

41
Q

Why do muscle, sperm and root hair cells have more mitochondria?

A

They all need extra energy!
Muscles contracting and relaxing
Sperm cells swimming and penetrating the egg
Root hair cells - Active transport

42
Q

What else is the energy from respiration used for?

A

Respiration is also how warm blooded animals stay at a constant temperature
And plants and animals get the energy they need to make new molecules (like proteins and lipids) from respiration

43
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A

Movement
Muscle contraction
Building larger molecules from smaller ones
Maintaining a constant body temperature - keeping warm
Active transport- e.g. moving materials such as mineral ions into cells against a concentration gradient.

44
Q

how do you test if carbon dioxide is present?

A

Fill a boiling tube with 20ml of limewater
Blow through the straw , so the limewater is bubbling
If the limewater turns milky, carbon dioxide is present

45
Q

What is the glucose made by photosynthesis used for in a plant?

A

Converted to fructose for the fruit
Used in respiration to release energy.
Joined together to make starch for storage.
Combined with nitrates from the soil to make proteins for the new growth.
Joined together to make cellulose for cell walls.
Converted into fats and oils for the seeds.

46
Q

how does aerobic respiration work?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs inside mitochondria continuously.
Glucose is oxidised by oxygen to transfer the energy the organism
needs to perform its functions.
Aerobic respiration releases a large amount of energy from each glucose molecule.

47
Q

what are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration (lactate pathway):
Glucose → lactic acid (+ energy)
ANIMAL

FOOD - Alcoholic fermentation (in yeast):
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

48
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration in animal cells - equation

A

Glucose -> lactic acid + energy out

49
Q

with anaerobic respiration in animal cells:
The breakdown of ………. is incomplete
So anaerobic respiration releases ……. energy than aerobic respiration
It is less ………

A

The breakdown of glucose is incomplete
So anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration
It is less efficient

50
Q

Using your muscles vigorously for a long period of time can cause……

A

muscle fatiuge

51
Q

what is one cause of muscle fatigue

A

the buildup of lactic acid in the muscle cells due to anaerobic respiration

52
Q

what does The buildup of lactic acid leads to?

A

The buildup of lactic acid leads to oxygen debt

53
Q

what is the Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells - equation

A

glucose -> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + energy out

54
Q

what is fermentation used to make?

A

Fermentation is used to make beer and in bread

55
Q

What similarities and differences are there between these 2 types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Both do not require oxygen
Both release small amounts of energy
Fermentation releases carbon dioxide, lactate doesn’t.
Fermentation produces alcohol, lactate produces lactic acid.

56
Q

What changes occur to our bodies during exercise?

A

Heart rate increases and the arteries supplying blood to your muscles dilate.

Breathing rate and depth of breathing increases.

57
Q

how does your heart respond to exercise?

A

heart Rate increases to pump more blood around the body. This distributes oxygen absorbed in the lungs and glucose to the cells that need it for aerobic respiration.

58
Q

how do your arteries respond to exercise?

A

They dilate (widen) to allow more blood flow through them. This allows more oxygen and glucose to get to muscles using more energy during exercise.

59
Q

how do your lungs respond to exercise?

A

Breathing rate increases greatly. Breathes are also deeper. This allows more oxygen to be absorbed into the blood.

60
Q

how do your muscles respond to exercise?

A

Use much more energy than usual. Glycogen stores are broken down to make glucose available for respiration.

61
Q

how do your mitochondria respond to exercise?

A

The rate of respiration increases greatly in order to supply the active muscle cells with the energy to support exercise

62
Q

What happens physiologically when you exercise?

A

Muscles need more energy so they can contract.

Energy more is required to enable movement and nerve impulses

Breathing will increase to raise the rate at which oxygen can get to muscles
AND
You also need to remove the extra waste carbon dioxide that has been produced more quickly.

Heart rate will need to increase in order to increase the rate at which oxygen and glucose reach the muscle cells for aerobic respiration.

63
Q

what happens when paula runs?

A

When she is running, Paula‘s muscle activity increases. To do this, her muscle cells ………respire…………………………………. at a faster rate to give her more energy. Her muscles need to be supplied with …………….oxygen……………………… and ………………………….glucose………………… more quickly. Her heart beats faster to increase the flow of ………………..blood………………………..which carries the products ………………………….carbon dioxide……………………………………………………….. and ………………………..heat…………………………. away from her muscles.

64
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the accumulated lactic acid and remove it from the cells.

Biology (10 decks)

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