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Biology > B4 The Heart, Blood, Ciculation and Transpitation > Flashcards

B4 The Heart, Blood, Ciculation and Transpitation Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

blood is a tissue that contains cells in a liquid called plasma

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2
Q

what are the main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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3
Q

red blood cells are ……… discs

A

Red blood cells are biconcave discs

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4
Q

how is the structure of a red blood cell related to its function?

A

It’s biconcave shape increases the surface area/volume ratio so that diffusion is faster

It does not have a nucleus, which creates space to pack more haemoglobin

It has haemoglobin, which is a red pigment, that binds with oxygen

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5
Q

what are the stages of transport of oxygen?

A

1) Oxygen needs to be transported from the lungs to all cells in the body
2) At the lung oxygen diffuses into the blood down a concentration gradient
3) It binds with haemoglobin forming oxyhaemoglobin
4) At the tissues, the haemoglobin releases the oxygen which diffuses out of the blood and enters the cells

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6
Q

OXYGEN + HAEMOGLOBIN =

A

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

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7
Q

what are the 3 things the wbc do?

A

They …engulf…………. the pathogen (phagocytes)
They produce …antibodies………………… to kill the pathogen (lymphocytes)
The produce ……antitoxins………………. to neutralise the poisons produced by pathogens (lymphocytes)

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8
Q

what are platelets?

A

Platelets are fragments of cells

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9
Q

do platelets have a nucleus?

A

NO

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10
Q

what do platelets carry out?

A

They carry out CLOTTING OF BLOOD

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11
Q

what do platelets secrete?

A

enzymes that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands

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12
Q

what do the fibrin strands form?

A

a mesh that traps RBCs and stops bleeding

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13
Q

what are the stages of a scab forming?

A

platelets secrete enzymes that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands

The strands form a mesh that traps RBCs and stops bleeding

Below the clot a scab may form

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14
Q

what is plasma?

A

The plasma is the liquid matrix of blood, in which the cells float

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15
Q

what is plasma composed of?

A

mostly of water and contains dissolved substances, such as glucose, amino acids, urea, etc

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16
Q

what are 3 examples of substances that are transported and dissolved in the plasma.

A

Glucose is transported from the small intestine to all cells
Urea is transported from the liver to the kidneys for excretion as urine
Carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported to the lungs for exhalation

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17
Q

when blood is centrifuged it separates into layers according to it’s ……..

A

mass/density

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18
Q

Give 1 structural differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries have thick walls with muscle tissue. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep your blood flowing.

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19
Q

Give 2 functional differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart.
arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

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20
Q

Capillaries have a very thin
wall that contains just one
layer of cells.
Why is this an advantage?

A

This is where rapid diffusion
and exchange of substances
takes place between the
blood and the tissues

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21
Q

which vessle Has a wide lumen and thin wall

A

vein

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22
Q

which vessle It’s wall has only one layer of cells

A

capillary

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23
Q

which vessle Carries blood towards the heart

A

vein

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24
Q

which vessle Carries blood at high pressure

A

artery

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25
which vessle Has valves to prevent backflow
vein
26
which vessle Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place here
capillary
27
which vessle Has a very thick wall with lots of muscle
artery
28
how many chambers does the geart have?
4
29
where is the heart?
Between the two lungs
30
what is the heart enclosed by?
PERICARDIUM
31
what fluid is secerted within the pericardium and why?
Pericardial fluid, to aid movemnt
32
what does The pericardium protect?
the | heart from over expansion
33
what are the walls of the heart made of?
cardiac muscle
34
where can cardiac muscle be found?
only in the heart
35
what can cardiac muscle not tollerate?
lack of O2.
36
how does blood travel to the body?
1) Deoxygenated blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium 2) It’s then pumped through a valve into the right ventricle 3) It’s then pumped through another valve up to the lungs through the pulmonary artery 4) Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium 5) It’s then pumped through another valve into the left ventricle 6) It’s then pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body
37
what is a double circulatory system?
Blood comes into the heart from the body It then has to pass to the lungs to collect oxygen After it returns to the heart it leaves again to be transported to the body.
38
what are the two types of circulation?
pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs systemic circulation that carries oxygenated blood to the body
39
What is the advantage of double circulation?
you can completely separate oxygenated and deoxgenatded blood the lungs is a low pressure system, so the pulmonary circulation is low pressure so the lungs dont burst the systemic circulation has to go at a powerful high pressure becuse it goes round the body aganst gravity.
40
what are the millions of air sacs in the lungs called?
ALVEOLI
41
what are alveoli lined with?
a very | thin epithelium.
42
what are the trachea and bronchi are lined with?
ciliated epithelium, where the goblet cells produce mucous and the cilia sweeps the mucous (containing dust and pathogens) upwards, away from the lungs
43
what are alveolis adaptations for rapid diffusion?
They create a large surface area which increases the rate of diffusion They are moist – gases dissolve in the moisture They have very thin walls- less distance for gases to diffuse The constant movement of the blood and the ventilation of the lungs maintains a high concentration gradient, perfect for diffusion The blood capillaries are right next to the alveoli, making a shorter distance for the oxygen to travel
44
Blockage of coronary arteries may lead to .....
heart disease
45
The heart receives it’s own blood supply through the ………………………… arteries.
The heart receives it’s own blood supply through the ……conorary…………………… arteries.
46
conorary arteries supply the heart muscle with ………………………….. and glucose.
arteries supply the heart muscle with ……oxygen…………………….. and glucose.
47
Arteries can become narrow due to cholesterol deposition on the inner lining, that may obstruct blood flow. This can be treated with drugs called .......... or a ..........maybe needed
Arteries can become narrow due to cholesterol deposition on the inner lining, that may obstruct blood flow. This can be treated with drugs called STATINS or a STENT maybe needed
48
what do statins do?
Statins lower | Cholesterol levels in the blood
49
what is the mechanism of Inspiration
The diaphragm contracts and flattens The intercostal muscles lift the ribcage upward The volume of the chest increases Therefore the pressure decreases Air moves in from the atmosphere down a pressure gradient, blowing the alveoli open
50
what are the advantages of stents?
PERMANENT CURE- opens up the arteries
51
what are the disadvantages of stents?
ANTI-CLOTTING DRUGS will have to be taken
52
what are the advantages of an artificial pacemaker?
Corrects irregular heart rhythm
53
what are the disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker
No contact sports | Battery needs replacing
54
what are the advantages of biological heart valves?
Soft and silent. Does not damage blood cells
55
what are the disadvantages of biological heart valves?
May need replacing
56
what are the advantages of mechanical heart valves?
Do not need replacing
57
what are the disadvantages of mechanical heart valves?
May damage RBC. Make a noise
58
what are the advantages of an artificial heart?
Gives patient time until a transplant is available
59
what are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?
Requires stay in hospital and anti-clotting drugs
60
what do arteries carry and where?
Arteries carry high pressure blood away from the heart. They have smaller lumen, thick walls and no valves.
61
why do cappilaries have thin walls?
Capillaries have thin walls (one cell thick) to allow glucose and oxygen to pass through by diffusion. They connect arteries to veins.
62
Veins carry ........ pressure blood back to the ........ They have ......... walls, wider ......... and have valves to ..............
Veins carry low pressure blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls, wider lumens and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
63
Arteries carry .............. blood while veins carry ............. blood
Arteries carry oxygenated blood while veins carry deoxygenated blood
64
why do artieries have a thick walll?
Arteries carry blood at a very high pressure so the thick wall prevents it bursting
65
why do artieres have a narrow lumen
the narrow lumen helps maintain the high pressure
66
artieries carry blood where?
away from the heart
67
what do veins have to prevent the backflow of blood?
valves
68
what is the function of a leaf in a plant?
for photosynthesis
69
what is the function of the stem in a plant?
to support the plant
70
what is the function of flowers in a plant?
for reproduction
71
what is the function of roots in a plant?
to absorb water and mineral ions from soil
72
what does Epidermal tissue do?
covers the plant
73
what happens in Mesophyll?
where photosynthesis occurs
74
what are Xylem and phloem used for?
transport substances around the plant
75
what happens to meristematic tissue?
it undergoes mitosis
76
what are 4 examples of plant tissue?
Epidermal tissue Mesophyll Xylem and phloem meristematic tissue
77
where are stomata found?
Stomata are mainly found on the lower epidermis
78
what are the Factors that affect transpiration rate- explain why?
Increase it: Temperature- particles gain kinetic energy and diffuse faster Light intensity- Light causes the stomata to open more widely so diffusion is faster Wind- Wind moves the water vapour that has accumulated, which steepens the diffusion gradient decrease it: Humidity -Humidity refers to how much water vapour there is in the atmosphere. When humidity increases, it reduces the diffusion gradient, reducing transpiration
79
what does xylem transport?
Water and mineral ions
80
what does phleom transport?
Dissolved sugars
81
what direction does xylem and phleom go?
Xylem; Upwards (roots to leaves) | Phleom; All directions (depending on the growth of the plant)
82
do xylem and phleom require energy?
only phleom does
83
what is xylem made up from?
xylem vessles
84
what is phleom made up from?
sieve tubes
85
is xylem a living tissue?
no
86
is phleom a living tissue?
yes
87
what are the stages of transpiration?
1) Water evaporates through the stomata 2) Water is then pulled upwards through the xylem tissue 3) Water is transported into the leaf through xylem vessels by osmosis 4) This is replaced by water entering from the root tissue 5) Water enters root hair cells by osmosis to eventually replace the water lost through transpiration
88
what is a potometer used to measure?
The potometer is used to measure transpiration It works on the basis that water lost = water gained The distance moved by the air bubble is equal to water uptake, which is an indirect measure of the rate of transpiration
89
where does photosynthesis take place?
the palisade mesophyll
90
what are stomata surrounded by
2 guard cells
91
when do guard cells swell and chage their shape?
when the ligh intensity is high, for example during the day
92
what causes the stomata to open?
when the light intensity is high, guard cells swell and chnage their shape.
93
what happens when the stomata is open?
carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf and be used in photosynthesis.
94
when does a plant close its stomata?
under hot conditions, to reduce water loss by transpiration
95
what does it mean when the plant closes it stomata?
it cannot photosynthesis

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