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Biology > B4 The Heart, Blood, Ciculation and Transpitation > Flashcards

B4 The Heart, Blood, Ciculation and Transpitation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood?

A

blood is a tissue that contains cells in a liquid called plasma

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2
Q

what are the main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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3
Q

red blood cells are ……… discs

A

Red blood cells are biconcave discs

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4
Q

how is the structure of a red blood cell related to its function?

A

It’s biconcave shape increases the surface area/volume ratio so that diffusion is faster

It does not have a nucleus, which creates space to pack more haemoglobin

It has haemoglobin, which is a red pigment, that binds with oxygen

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5
Q

what are the stages of transport of oxygen?

A

1) Oxygen needs to be transported from the lungs to all cells in the body
2) At the lung oxygen diffuses into the blood down a concentration gradient
3) It binds with haemoglobin forming oxyhaemoglobin
4) At the tissues, the haemoglobin releases the oxygen which diffuses out of the blood and enters the cells

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6
Q

OXYGEN + HAEMOGLOBIN =

A

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

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7
Q

what are the 3 things the wbc do?

A

They …engulf…………. the pathogen (phagocytes)
They produce …antibodies………………… to kill the pathogen (lymphocytes)
The produce ……antitoxins………………. to neutralise the poisons produced by pathogens (lymphocytes)

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8
Q

what are platelets?

A

Platelets are fragments of cells

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9
Q

do platelets have a nucleus?

A

NO

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10
Q

what do platelets carry out?

A

They carry out CLOTTING OF BLOOD

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11
Q

what do platelets secrete?

A

enzymes that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands

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12
Q

what do the fibrin strands form?

A

a mesh that traps RBCs and stops bleeding

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13
Q

what are the stages of a scab forming?

A

platelets secrete enzymes that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands

The strands form a mesh that traps RBCs and stops bleeding

Below the clot a scab may form

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14
Q

what is plasma?

A

The plasma is the liquid matrix of blood, in which the cells float

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15
Q

what is plasma composed of?

A

mostly of water and contains dissolved substances, such as glucose, amino acids, urea, etc

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16
Q

what are 3 examples of substances that are transported and dissolved in the plasma.

A

Glucose is transported from the small intestine to all cells
Urea is transported from the liver to the kidneys for excretion as urine
Carbon dioxide produced by cells is transported to the lungs for exhalation

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17
Q

when blood is centrifuged it separates into layers according to it’s ……..

A

mass/density

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18
Q

Give 1 structural differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries have thick walls with muscle tissue. Veins have thinner walls and use valves to keep your blood flowing.

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19
Q

Give 2 functional differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart.
arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

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20
Q

Capillaries have a very thin
wall that contains just one
layer of cells.
Why is this an advantage?

A

This is where rapid diffusion
and exchange of substances
takes place between the
blood and the tissues

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21
Q

which vessle Has a wide lumen and thin wall

A

vein

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22
Q

which vessle It’s wall has only one layer of cells

A

capillary

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23
Q

which vessle Carries blood towards the heart

A

vein

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24
Q

which vessle Carries blood at high pressure

A

artery

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25
Q

which vessle Has valves to prevent backflow

A

vein

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26
Q

which vessle Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place here

A

capillary

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27
Q

which vessle Has a very thick wall with lots of muscle

A

artery

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28
Q

how many chambers does the geart have?

A

4

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29
Q

where is the heart?

A

Between the two lungs

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30
Q

what is the heart enclosed by?

A

PERICARDIUM

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31
Q

what fluid is secerted within the pericardium and why?

A

Pericardial fluid, to aid movemnt

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32
Q

what does The pericardium protect?

A

the

heart from over expansion

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33
Q

what are the walls of the heart made of?

A

cardiac muscle

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34
Q

where can cardiac muscle be found?

A

only in the heart

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35
Q

what can cardiac muscle not tollerate?

A

lack of O2.

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36
Q

how does blood travel to the body?

A

1) Deoxygenated blood enters through the vena cava into the right atrium
2) It’s then pumped through a valve into the right ventricle
3) It’s then pumped through another valve up to the lungs through the pulmonary artery
4) Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium
5) It’s then pumped through another valve into the left ventricle
6) It’s then pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body

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37
Q

what is a double circulatory system?

A

Blood comes into the heart from the body
It then has to pass to the lungs to collect oxygen
After it returns to the heart it leaves again to be transported to the body.

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38
Q

what are the two types of circulation?

A

pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

systemic circulation that carries oxygenated blood to the body

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39
Q

What is the advantage of double circulation?

A

you can completely separate oxygenated and deoxgenatded blood

the lungs is a low pressure system, so the pulmonary circulation is low pressure so the lungs dont burst

the systemic circulation has to go at a powerful high pressure becuse it goes round the body aganst gravity.

40
Q

what are the millions of air sacs in the lungs called?

A

ALVEOLI

41
Q

what are alveoli lined with?

A

a very

thin epithelium.

42
Q

what are the trachea and bronchi are lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium, where the goblet cells
produce mucous and the cilia sweeps
the mucous (containing dust and
pathogens) upwards, away from the lungs

43
Q

what are alveolis adaptations for rapid diffusion?

A

They create a large surface area which increases the rate of diffusion

They are moist – gases dissolve in the moisture

They have very thin walls- less distance for gases to diffuse

The constant movement of the blood and the ventilation of the lungs maintains a high concentration gradient, perfect for diffusion

The blood capillaries are right next to the alveoli, making a shorter distance for the oxygen to travel

44
Q

Blockage of coronary arteries may lead to …..

A

heart disease

45
Q

The heart receives it’s own blood supply through the ………………………… arteries.

A

The heart receives it’s own blood supply through the ……conorary…………………… arteries.

46
Q

conorary arteries supply the heart muscle with ………………………….. and glucose.

A

arteries supply the heart muscle with ……oxygen…………………….. and glucose.

47
Q

Arteries can become narrow due to cholesterol deposition on the inner lining, that may obstruct blood flow. This can be treated with drugs called ………. or a ……….maybe needed

A

Arteries can become narrow due to cholesterol deposition on the inner lining, that may obstruct blood flow. This can be treated with drugs called STATINS or a STENT maybe needed

48
Q

what do statins do?

A

Statins lower

Cholesterol levels in the blood

49
Q

what is the mechanism of Inspiration

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens
The intercostal muscles lift the ribcage upward
The volume of the chest increases
Therefore the pressure decreases
Air moves in from the atmosphere down a pressure gradient, blowing the alveoli open

50
Q

what are the advantages of stents?

A

PERMANENT CURE- opens up the arteries

51
Q

what are the disadvantages of stents?

A

ANTI-CLOTTING DRUGS will have to be taken

52
Q

what are the advantages of an artificial pacemaker?

A

Corrects irregular heart rhythm

53
Q

what are the disadvantages of an artificial pacemaker

A

No contact sports

Battery needs replacing

54
Q

what are the advantages of biological heart valves?

A

Soft and silent. Does not damage blood cells

55
Q

what are the disadvantages of biological heart valves?

A

May need replacing

56
Q

what are the advantages of mechanical heart valves?

A

Do not need replacing

57
Q

what are the disadvantages of mechanical heart valves?

A

May damage RBC. Make a noise

58
Q

what are the advantages of an artificial heart?

A

Gives patient time until a transplant is available

59
Q

what are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A

Requires stay in hospital and anti-clotting drugs

60
Q

what do arteries carry and where?

A

Arteries carry high pressure blood away from the heart. They have smaller lumen, thick walls and no valves.

61
Q

why do cappilaries have thin walls?

A

Capillaries have thin walls (one cell thick) to allow glucose and oxygen to pass through by diffusion. They connect arteries to veins.

62
Q

Veins carry …….. pressure blood back to the …….. They have ……… walls, wider ……… and have valves to …………..

A

Veins carry low pressure blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls, wider lumens and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

63
Q

Arteries carry ………….. blood while veins carry …………. blood

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood while veins carry deoxygenated blood

64
Q

why do artieries have a thick walll?

A

Arteries carry blood at a very high pressure so the thick wall prevents it bursting

65
Q

why do artieres have a narrow lumen

A

the narrow lumen helps maintain the high pressure

66
Q

artieries carry blood where?

A

away from the heart

67
Q

what do veins have to prevent the backflow of blood?

A

valves

68
Q

what is the function of a leaf in a plant?

A

for photosynthesis

69
Q

what is the function of the stem in a plant?

A

to support the plant

70
Q

what is the function of flowers in a plant?

A

for reproduction

71
Q

what is the function of roots in a plant?

A

to absorb water and mineral ions from soil

72
Q

what does Epidermal tissue do?

A

covers the plant

73
Q

what happens in Mesophyll?

A

where photosynthesis occurs

74
Q

what are Xylem and phloem used for?

A

transport substances around the plant

75
Q

what happens to meristematic tissue?

A

it undergoes mitosis

76
Q

what are 4 examples of plant tissue?

A

Epidermal tissue
Mesophyll
Xylem and phloem
meristematic tissue

77
Q

where are stomata found?

A

Stomata are mainly found on the lower epidermis

78
Q

what are the Factors that affect transpiration rate- explain why?

A

Increase it:
Temperature- particles gain kinetic energy and diffuse faster
Light intensity- Light causes the stomata to open more widely so diffusion is faster
Wind- Wind moves the water vapour that has accumulated, which steepens the diffusion gradient

decrease it:
Humidity -Humidity refers to how much water vapour there is in the atmosphere. When humidity increases, it reduces the diffusion gradient, reducing transpiration

79
Q

what does xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions

80
Q

what does phleom transport?

A

Dissolved sugars

81
Q

what direction does xylem and phleom go?

A

Xylem; Upwards (roots to leaves)

Phleom; All directions (depending on the growth of the plant)

82
Q

do xylem and phleom require energy?

A

only phleom does

83
Q

what is xylem made up from?

A

xylem vessles

84
Q

what is phleom made up from?

A

sieve tubes

85
Q

is xylem a living tissue?

A

no

86
Q

is phleom a living tissue?

A

yes

87
Q

what are the stages of transpiration?

A

1) Water evaporates through the stomata
2) Water is then pulled upwards through the xylem tissue
3) Water is transported into the leaf through xylem vessels by osmosis
4) This is replaced by water entering from the root tissue
5) Water enters root hair cells by osmosis to eventually replace the water lost through transpiration

88
Q

what is a potometer used to measure?

A

The potometer is used to measure transpiration
It works on the basis that water lost = water gained
The distance moved by the air bubble is equal to water uptake, which is an indirect measure of the rate of transpiration

89
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

the palisade mesophyll

90
Q

what are stomata surrounded by

A

2 guard cells

91
Q

when do guard cells swell and chage their shape?

A

when the ligh intensity is high, for example during the day

92
Q

what causes the stomata to open?

A

when the light intensity is high, guard cells swell and chnage their shape.

93
Q

what happens when the stomata is open?

A

carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf and be used in photosynthesis.

94
Q

when does a plant close its stomata?

A

under hot conditions, to reduce water loss by transpiration

95
Q

what does it mean when the plant closes it stomata?

A

it cannot photosynthesis

Biology (10 decks)

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