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Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of level of organisation from smallest to largest?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system,organism

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2
Q

what are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells carrying out the same function

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3
Q

what are cells?

A

The simplest, basic unit of life where all chemical processes takes place

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4
Q

what is an organ system?

A

Made up of many organs that work together as one system

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5
Q

what is an organ?

A

Made up of more than one type of tissue grouped together to perform a task

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6
Q

a group of cells make a….

A

tissue

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7
Q

a group of tissues make a…

A

organ

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8
Q

a group of organs make a….

A

system

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9
Q

a group of systems makes a….

A

organism

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10
Q

what are the types of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue, Glandular tissue

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11
Q

what does epitherial tissue do?

A

Epithelial tissue covers and lines all organs.

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12
Q

what does muscular tissue do?

A

Muscular tissue contracts to bring about

movement

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13
Q

what does glandular tissue do?

A

Glandular tissue produces

secretions e.g. mucus

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14
Q

what do each of the tissues in the stomach do?

A

Muscular tissue, to “churn up” the contents (mastication)
Glandular tissue, to produce digestive juices
Epithelial tissue, to cover the outside and inside of the stomach

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15
Q

how does digestion work?

A

Glands such as the salivary gland and the pancreas produce digestive juices

Digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine

Bile is produced by the liver and helps break down fats

Food is absorbed in the small intestine

Water is absorbed in the large intestine, leaving behind the faeces

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16
Q

what are the stages of digestion?

A

Physical digestion (mastication)
Chemical digestion (involves enzymes)
Absorption
Assimilation

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17
Q

what is the role of digestion

A

Digestion is to make sure that large, insolouble molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream.

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18
Q

what are the main organs in the digestive system?

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine & large intestine

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19
Q

what are the accesory organs in digestion?

A

salivary glands, liver and pancreas

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20
Q

why is mastication necessary?

A

so that your body is prepared to swallow

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21
Q

what is the action of amylase?

A

breaks down starch into glucose

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22
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for digesting starch?

A

amylase

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23
Q

what takes place in the oesophegous?

A

Peristalsis (rhythmic, alternate muscle contractions) pushes the food in one direction

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24
Q

are new enzymes secreted in the oesophagus?

A

no

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25
what does the stomach secrete?
gastric juice
26
what is the pH pf gastric juice and how is the acid provided?
pH of 2 provided by Hydrochloric acid
27
what is the enzyme responsible for digesting protien?
PROTEASE
28
where is amylase produced in?
salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
29
where is protease produced in?
Proteases are produced in the stomach (pH 2) and the small intestine (pH 8) and pancreas
30
what is the action of protease?
breaks down PROTEIN to AMINO ACIDS
31
where is bile produced?
liver and it stored in the gall blader.
32
what are biles functions?
``` It neutralises stomach acid and produces alkaline conditions for enzymes to work in It emulsifies (“breaks down”) fats to increase the surface area: ```
33
what do lipids do to increase sufrace area and increase the rate of digestion?
get emulsified by bile
34
what substrate is amylase
starch
35
what substrate is protease
protien
36
what substrate is lipase
lipids
37
what is the product of amylase
GLUCOSE | MALTOSE
38
what is the product of protease
AMINO ACIDS
39
what is the product of lipase
FATTY ACIDS
40
where is lipase produced in?
Pancreas/ | Small Intestine
41
what is the optimum pH for amylase
8
42
what is the optimum pH for protease
8 and 2.5 (stomach)
43
what is the optimum pH for lipase
8
44
The small intestine is the only organ in which both ......... and ......... take place
The small intestine is the only organ in which both digestion and absorption take place
45
digestion of all food group occors in the
small intestine
46
where does the small intestine recieve bile from
the liver
47
where does the small intestine recive pancreatic juice from?
the pancrease
48
what features of villi and microvilli speed up the rate of reaction?
A large surface area – provided by millions of villi to increase the rate of diffusion A very thin membrane – just one layer of cells to shorten the distance for diffusion A rich blood supply – the flow of blood helps to maintain a steep concentration gradient for diffusion
49
what does the large intestine consit of?
colon, rectum and anus
50
where does absorbtion of water in the large intestne take place and why?
in the colon to make the faeces dry
51
when does the urge to go to the toilet develop?
when the rectum is full of feaces
52
where is feases expelled through?
the anus
53
what are the factors that effect enzyme activity?
Temperature pH Concentration/Volume of either enzyme or substrate
54
enzymes are sensitive to temperature describe the graph with shows this.
Between 0 – 40 as the temp increases the rate of reaction increases in a linear relationship Beyond 40, as the temp increases the rate of reaction decreases and stops at 50 C 40 is the optimum temp
55
as the temp increases heat energy is converted into?
kinetic energy
56
what happens to the enzyme and substrate when the temperatre increases?
enzyme and substrate collide more and more product forms
57
what happens to enzymes when the temp is too high
he enzyme denatures and the active site changes shape so that the substrate no longer binds
58
what do the enzyme and substrate do with more energy?
they move
59
enzymes are sensitive to temperature explain the graph with shows this.
Between 0 – 37 As temp increases the particles gain kinetic energy which increases the number of collisions between enzyme & substrate Between 40 – 60 As the temp exceeds the optimum, the enzyme denatures and the active site changes shape so the substrate no longer binds. The enzyme has denatured.
60
what is the optimium pH for enzymes?
7
61
explain the enzyme pH graph?
The optimum pH is 7. On either side of the optimum the enzyme activity decreases uniformly. This is because the enzyme denatures due to change in shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind
62
explain the enzyme concentration graph
Enzymes will work best if there is plenty of substrate. As the concentration of the substrate increases, so does the rate of enzyme activity. However, the rate of enzyme activity does not increase forever. This is because a point will be reached when the enzymes become saturated and no more substrates can fit at any one time even though there is plenty of substrate available.
63
in the required practical 'food tests' how do you test for glucose?
1) take 5 ml of glucose solution into a clean test tube 2) add 10 drops of Benedicts soloution to the glucose solution in the test tube. 3) put the test tube in an electronic water bath fpr 5 mins 4) note any color change
64
in the required practical 'food tests' how do you test for starch?
add a few drops of starch soloution to a spotting tile. next add a few drops of idone soloution to the starch and note any color change.
65
in the required practical 'food tests' how do you test for lipids?
take some oil into a clean test tube and add a few drops of ethanol and shake until it dissolves. pour the mixture into a test tube of water and note what coulor you see?
66
in the required practical 'food tests' how do you test for protein?
put 2cm3 of protien soloution intoa test tube. add 2cm3 of biuret soloution in the test tube. shake gently to mix. note any color change.
67
what colour will a soloution go if glucose is present?
blue to orange to red
68
what colour will a soloution go if starch is present?
brown to blueblack
69
what colour will a soloution go if lipids is present?
cloudy white emulsion
70
what colour will a soloution go if protien is present?
blue to purple
71
how do you investigate the effect of pH on the enzyme amylase?
Place one drop of iodine solution into each depression on the spotting tile Place labelled test tubes containing the buffered pH Solutions amylase solution and starch solution into the water bath solutions to reach 25 degrees add 2 cm cubed of one of the buffered solutions to a test tube use the syringe to place to 2 centimetres cubed of amylase into the buffered pH solution use another syringe 2 add 2 cm cubed of starch to the amylase buffer solution immediately start stop clock and leave it on through the test mix using a glass rod after 30 seconds remove one drop of the mixture with a glass rod places drop on the first depression of the spotting tile with the iodine solution solution should turn blue black Rinse the rod use the glass rod to remove one drop of mixture every 30 seconds each drop onto the iodine solution in the next depression spotting tile rod with water after each drop continue until the iodine solution of amylase / buffer/starch mixture remain Orange repeat the procedure with Solutions of other PHS record your results in a results table

Biology (10 decks)

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