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Biology 3 4 > Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapters 5-6) > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapters 5-6) Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

Adeno-Triphosphate

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2
Q

ADP

A

Adeno-Diphosphate

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3
Q

Sources of Phosphate

A
  • Food
  • Sunlight
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4
Q

Reverse of Photosynthesis

A

Cellular Respiration

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5
Q

Purpose of Photosynthesis

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy, stored for future use

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6
Q

Location of Photosynthesis

A

Takes place in Eukaryotes in the membrane bound organelle: The Chloroplast

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7
Q

Where does chloroplast get it’s green pigment from?

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

How does Photosynthesis start?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs wavelengths of light required to begin photosynthesis

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9
Q

Where is Chlorophyll found?

A

Thylakoid Membrane within the Chloroplast

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10
Q

Stoma

A

A tiny pore used for gas exchange in plants

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11
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

Chloroplast Contents:

A
  • Thylakoid
  • Stroma
  • DNA and Ribosomes
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13
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened structure, stacked into structure called GRANA

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14
Q

Stroma

A

Liquid interior of organelle

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15
Q

C3 Photosynthesis Phases

A
  • Light dependant phase
  • Light independant phase (Calvin Cycle)
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16
Q

Light Dependant Phase Location

A

Occurs in thylakoid membrane of Chloroplast, mostly in Mesophyll Cells

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17
Q

Light Independant Phase Location

A

Occurs in the Stroma of the Chloroplast, Mosly in Bundle Sheat Cells

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18
Q

Light Dependant Phase

A
  • Chlorophyll traps light energy
  • Water is splt to produce O2
  • NADP+ picks up H+ ions and electrons to become NADPH
  • ATP synthase, an enzyme complex found in the thylakoid membrane, converts ADP and Phosphate to ATP
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19
Q

Light Independant Phase

A
  • Carbon fixation – which refers to the conversion of CO2 and RuBP into 3-PGA.
    Carbon from the inorganic CO2 is ‘fixed’ into an organic compound.
    Rubisco is responsible for taking carbon from an inorganic, gaseous form (CO2) and
    incorporating it into an organic compound (3-PGA)
  • Reduction – NADPH donates electrons to an intermediate three-carbon molecule in the cycle to produce G3P
  • Regeneration – the RuBP molecules needed to start the cycle again are reproduced.
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20
Q

Does Light Independant Phase require light

A

Light independant phase does not require light, but does require the outputs of the light dependant phase, Thereform the Light Independant phase ceases shortly after the Light Dependant phase

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21
Q

RuBisCo

A

Enzyme in the Calvin Cycle, incorporates CO2 into plants during Photosynthesis

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22
Q

Stages of Calvin Cycle

A

1) RuBisCo incorporates Carbon Dioxide into an organic molecule (3-PGA)
2) Organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH
3) RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, regenerates so that the cycle can start again

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23
Q

Problem with RuBisCo

A

If stomata close to prevent water loss, O2 builds up within the Stomata, causing:
RuBisCo to add O2 instead of CO2 to RubP

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24
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

CO2 is ‘fixed’ from it’s organic form to organic molecules

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25
How many cycles must the Calvin cycle go through to produce 6 Carbon Molecule
6 Times
26
Stomata
Pores on a leaf surface, allow entry and exit of gases
27
PEP
Phosphoenolpyruvate (C3 Compound)
28
Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
1) Light Intensity 2) Light Colour 3) Water Availability 4) Temperature 5) CO2 Concentration
29
Light Intensity (Photosynthesis Factor)
As light becomes more intense, Rate of Photosynthesis also rises, (up to the point it levels off) At low intensity, plants may be using more oxygen than it produces Lower than rate of cellular respiration at low light
30
Light Compensation Point
Light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis matyches that of cellular respiration (produces and consumes equal amounts of oxygen)
31
Light Colour (Photosynthesis Factor)
Plants mostly absorb SHORT blue and LONG red wavelengths in light spectrum Barely absorbs green wavelengths (centre of wavelength) Green light is the only colour not absorbed by Chlorophyll, therefore passingh through, being visible
32
Water Availability (Photosynthesis Factor)
Photosynthesis requires water molecules Stomata can lose turgor (becoming flacid), preventing Gas exchange
33
Temperature (Photosynthesis Factor)
For most plants, optimal temperature is approx 35oC Molecules move faster when hotter If too high, or too low, rate of respiration decreases
34
CO2 Concentration (Photosynthesis Factor)
At higher concentrations, rate of Photosynthesis is greater Concentration in atmosphere is 0.04% Optimal concentration is 0.1% - no effect past 0.1%
35
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Stages
1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs Cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain
36
Krebs Cycle Location
Matrix (fluid) of mitochondrion
37
Glycolysis Location
Cytosol
38
Glycolysis Stages
- Investment Stage - uses two ATP - Pay off stage - produces four ATP
39
Glycolysis
Literally sugar breaking
40
Does Glycolysis use O2
No
41
Does Krebs Cycle use O2
No, though can't take place without presence of O2
42
Stages of Krebs
- Oxidization of Pyruvate - forms Acetyl COA - Krebs Cycle (Krebs) - forms NADH and H+ (extra)
43
How much ATP does Aerobic Respiration Yield
30 - 32 (not 36-38)
44
Electron Transport Chain Location
Takes place on Cristae of the fluids of inner mitochondrial membrane
45
Krebs Cycle description
All carbon and oxygen from pyruvate is released as CO2 This creates more high energy coenzyme: 2ATP, 8NADH and 2FADH2
46
Electron Transport Chain description
As hydrogens pass through, they lose energy (H+ ions) H+ ions diffuse back into matrix thorough ATP synthase, which rotates, creating ATP Oxygen accepts H+ ions, forming water
47
Anaerobic Respiration
Allows to still get a little ATP without oxygen
48
What does Anaerobic Respiration Yield?
2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH Molecules
49
Anaerobic Fermentation in Animals (Lactic Acid Fermentation)
Mammals undergo Anaerobic Respiration when their demand for energy outstrips their ability to obtain adequate oxygen to undergo Aerobic Respiration Glucose broken down to produce Pyruvate, then converted to Lactic Acid Net gain of 2 ATP
50
Anaerobic Fermentation in Yeast (Alcohol Fermentation)
Glucose first broken down to produce Pyruvate, then converted to Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
51
Factors affecting Rate of Cellular Respiration
1) Temperature 2) Glucose Availability 3) Oxygen Availability (Aerobic Only) 4) ATP Demand
52
Temperature (Cellular Respiration Factor)
Cellular Respiration Catalyzed by Enzymes Optimal Temperature for Cellular Respiration in huimans is 36.7oC Enzymes Denature if too hot or too cold
53
Glucose Availability (Cellular Respiration Factor)
The higher the concentration of glucose, the greater the rate of cellular respiration is This is because glucose is the preffered input for Cellular Respiration At very high rates of glucose, respiration will reach it's max rate, due to enzymes becoming saturated with substrate
54
Oxygen Availability (Aerobic Only) (Cellular Respiration Factor)
As oxygen is an input of Aerobic Respiration, a lack of oxygen will cause the rate of Cellular Respiration to decrease
55
ATP Demand (Cellular Respiration Factor)
ATP is the greatest factor affecting rate of respiration Lack of ATP causes respiration to slow
56
Role of RuBisCo (Photosynthesis)
Rubisco is an enzyme within the light independent stage of photosynthesis. Rubisco uses 3 carbon dioxide molecules and 3 five-carbon molecules (RuBP) in order to produce 6 three carbon molecules (known as 3-PGA) The 6 3-PGA molecules are then converted by ATP and NADPH into 6 three carbon molecules called G3P One G3P molecule is used in the production of Glucose and the remaning 5 are recycled (through ATP) to regenerate 3 x RuBP to recontinue the calvin cycle
57
Examples of C3 Plants
Soybeans Oats Wheat Rice
58
ATP Synthase
an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP from ADP and Phosphase
59
Photorespiration
When RuBisCO binds O2 instead of CO2 - Disrupts Photosynthesis (CO2 loses binding opportunity) - Less photosynthesis -> less glucose -> less opportunity for plants to grow
60
CAM Plants
plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle
61
C3 Plants
plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration
62
C4 Plants
plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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