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Biology 3 4 > Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapters 5-6) > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapters 5-6) Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

Adeno-Triphosphate

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2
Q

ADP

A

Adeno-Diphosphate

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3
Q

Sources of Phosphate

A
  • Food
  • Sunlight
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4
Q

Reverse of Photosynthesis

A

Cellular Respiration

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5
Q

Purpose of Photosynthesis

A

Convert solar energy into chemical energy, stored for future use

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6
Q

Location of Photosynthesis

A

Takes place in Eukaryotes in the membrane bound organelle: The Chloroplast

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7
Q

Where does chloroplast get it’s green pigment from?

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

How does Photosynthesis start?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs wavelengths of light required to begin photosynthesis

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9
Q

Where is Chlorophyll found?

A

Thylakoid Membrane within the Chloroplast

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10
Q

Stoma

A

A tiny pore used for gas exchange in plants

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11
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory that eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

Chloroplast Contents:

A
  • Thylakoid
  • Stroma
  • DNA and Ribosomes
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13
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened structure, stacked into structure called GRANA

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14
Q

Stroma

A

Liquid interior of organelle

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15
Q

C3 Photosynthesis Phases

A
  • Light dependant phase
  • Light independant phase (Calvin Cycle)
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16
Q

Light Dependant Phase Location

A

Occurs in thylakoid membrane of Chloroplast, mostly in Mesophyll Cells

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17
Q

Light Independant Phase Location

A

Occurs in the Stroma of the Chloroplast, Mosly in Bundle Sheat Cells

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18
Q

Light Dependant Phase

A
  • Chlorophyll traps light energy
  • Water is splt to produce O2
  • NADP+ picks up H+ ions and electrons to become NADPH
  • ATP synthase, an enzyme complex found in the thylakoid membrane, converts ADP and Phosphate to ATP
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19
Q

Light Independant Phase

A
  • Carbon fixation – which refers to the conversion of CO2 and RuBP into 3-PGA.
    Carbon from the inorganic CO2 is ‘fixed’ into an organic compound.
    Rubisco is responsible for taking carbon from an inorganic, gaseous form (CO2) and
    incorporating it into an organic compound (3-PGA)
  • Reduction – NADPH donates electrons to an intermediate three-carbon molecule in the cycle to produce G3P
  • Regeneration – the RuBP molecules needed to start the cycle again are reproduced.
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20
Q

Does Light Independant Phase require light

A

Light independant phase does not require light, but does require the outputs of the light dependant phase, Thereform the Light Independant phase ceases shortly after the Light Dependant phase

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21
Q

RuBisCo

A

Enzyme in the Calvin Cycle, incorporates CO2 into plants during Photosynthesis

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22
Q

Stages of Calvin Cycle

A

1) RuBisCo incorporates Carbon Dioxide into an organic molecule (3-PGA)
2) Organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH
3) RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, regenerates so that the cycle can start again

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23
Q

Problem with RuBisCo

A

If stomata close to prevent water loss, O2 builds up within the Stomata, causing:
RuBisCo to add O2 instead of CO2 to RubP

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24
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

CO2 is ‘fixed’ from it’s organic form to organic molecules

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25
Q

How many cycles must the Calvin cycle go through to produce 6 Carbon Molecule

26
Q

Stomata

A

Pores on a leaf surface, allow entry and exit of gases

27
Q

PEP

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (C3 Compound)

28
Q

Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis

A

1) Light Intensity
2) Light Colour
3) Water Availability
4) Temperature
5) CO2 Concentration

29
Q

Light Intensity (Photosynthesis Factor)

A

As light becomes more intense, Rate of Photosynthesis also rises, (up to the point it levels off)
At low intensity, plants may be using more oxygen than it produces
Lower than rate of cellular respiration at low light

30
Q

Light Compensation Point

A

Light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis matyches that of cellular respiration (produces and consumes equal amounts of oxygen)

31
Q

Light Colour (Photosynthesis Factor)

A

Plants mostly absorb SHORT blue and LONG red wavelengths in light spectrum
Barely absorbs green wavelengths (centre of wavelength)
Green light is the only colour not absorbed by Chlorophyll, therefore passingh through, being visible

32
Q

Water Availability (Photosynthesis Factor)

A

Photosynthesis requires water molecules
Stomata can lose turgor (becoming flacid), preventing Gas exchange

33
Q

Temperature (Photosynthesis Factor)

A

For most plants, optimal temperature is approx 35oC
Molecules move faster when hotter
If too high, or too low, rate of respiration decreases

34
Q

CO2 Concentration (Photosynthesis Factor)

A

At higher concentrations, rate of Photosynthesis is greater
Concentration in atmosphere is 0.04%
Optimal concentration is 0.1% - no effect past 0.1%

35
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Stages

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain

36
Q

Krebs Cycle Location

A

Matrix (fluid) of mitochondrion

37
Q

Glycolysis Location

38
Q

Glycolysis Stages

A
  • Investment Stage - uses two ATP
  • Pay off stage - produces four ATP
39
Q

Glycolysis

A

Literally sugar breaking

40
Q

Does Glycolysis use O2

41
Q

Does Krebs Cycle use O2

A

No, though can’t take place without presence of O2

42
Q

Stages of Krebs

A
  • Oxidization of Pyruvate - forms Acetyl COA
  • Krebs Cycle (Krebs) - forms NADH and H+ (extra)
43
Q

How much ATP does Aerobic Respiration Yield

A

30 - 32 (not 36-38)

44
Q

Electron Transport Chain Location

A

Takes place on Cristae of the fluids of inner mitochondrial membrane

45
Q

Krebs Cycle description

A

All carbon and oxygen from pyruvate is released as CO2
This creates more high energy coenzyme: 2ATP, 8NADH and 2FADH2

46
Q

Electron Transport Chain description

A

As hydrogens pass through, they lose energy (H+ ions)
H+ ions diffuse back into matrix thorough ATP synthase, which rotates, creating ATP
Oxygen accepts H+ ions, forming water

47
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Allows to still get a little ATP without oxygen

48
Q

What does Anaerobic Respiration Yield?

A

2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 NADH Molecules

49
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation in Animals (Lactic Acid Fermentation)

A

Mammals undergo Anaerobic Respiration when their demand for energy outstrips their ability to obtain adequate oxygen to undergo Aerobic Respiration
Glucose broken down to produce Pyruvate, then converted to Lactic Acid
Net gain of 2 ATP

50
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation in Yeast (Alcohol Fermentation)

A

Glucose first broken down to produce Pyruvate, then converted to Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

51
Q

Factors affecting Rate of Cellular Respiration

A

1) Temperature
2) Glucose Availability
3) Oxygen Availability (Aerobic Only)
4) ATP Demand

52
Q

Temperature (Cellular Respiration Factor)

A

Cellular Respiration Catalyzed by Enzymes
Optimal Temperature for Cellular Respiration in huimans is 36.7oC
Enzymes Denature if too hot or too cold

53
Q

Glucose Availability (Cellular Respiration Factor)

A

The higher the concentration of glucose, the greater the rate of cellular respiration is
This is because glucose is the preffered input for Cellular Respiration
At very high rates of glucose, respiration will reach it’s max rate, due to enzymes becoming saturated with substrate

54
Q

Oxygen Availability (Aerobic Only) (Cellular Respiration Factor)

A

As oxygen is an input of Aerobic Respiration, a lack of oxygen will cause the rate of Cellular Respiration to decrease

55
Q

ATP Demand (Cellular Respiration Factor)

A

ATP is the greatest factor affecting rate of respiration
Lack of ATP causes respiration to slow

56
Q

Role of RuBisCo (Photosynthesis)

A

Rubisco is an enzyme within the light independent stage of photosynthesis. Rubisco uses 3 carbon dioxide molecules and 3 five-carbon molecules (RuBP) in order to produce 6 three carbon molecules (known as 3-PGA)
The 6 3-PGA molecules are then converted by ATP and NADPH into 6 three carbon molecules called G3P
One G3P molecule is used in the production of Glucose
and the remaning 5 are recycled (through ATP) to regenerate 3 x RuBP to recontinue the calvin cycle

57
Q

Examples of C3 Plants

A

Soybeans
Oats
Wheat
Rice

58
Q

ATP Synthase

A

an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that uses the concentration gradient of H+ to synthesise ATP from ADP and Phosphase

59
Q

Photorespiration

A

When RuBisCO binds O2 instead of CO2
- Disrupts Photosynthesis (CO2 loses binding opportunity)
- Less photosynthesis -> less glucose -> less opportunity for plants to grow

60
Q

CAM Plants

A

plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle

61
Q

C3 Plants

A

plants with no evolved adaptation to minimise photorespiration

62
Q

C4 Plants

A

plants that minimise photorespiration by separating initial carbon fixation and the remainder of the Calvin cycle over space

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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