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Biology 3 4 > pGLO Experiment SAC > Flashcards

pGLO Experiment SAC Flashcards

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1
Q

Independant Variable

A

The variable you change

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2
Q

Dependant Variable

A

The variable that changes basedd on the independant variable

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3
Q

Systematic Error

A

Error due to faulty equipment or calibration

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4
Q

Personal Error

A

Mistake/Miscalculation made by experimenter

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5
Q

Random Error

A

Errors caused by unpredictable and unaviodable variations

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6
Q

Control Variable

A

Variable that’s held constant through research

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7
Q

Polymerase Enzyme

A

An enzyme that builds a polymer

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8
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Synthesies DNA in a 5’ to 3’ ratio using an existing strand as a template

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9
Q

Taq Polymerase

A

DNA polymerase taken from bacteria Thermus Aquaticus
Optimum functional temperature is 72 degress

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10
Q

Ligase

A

An enzyme that joins molecules , including DNA or RNA together, by catalysing the formation of Phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

Endonuclease

A

Enzyme that cuts sugar-phosphate bonds between nucleotides

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12
Q

Palindrome

A

Sequence of double stranded DNA that reads the same on both strands in a 5’ to 3’ direction
eg:
5’ AGT|ACT 3’
3’ TCA|TGA 5’

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13
Q

Blunt Ends

A

Clean cut down the middle
eg:
AGC|ACT
TCG|TGA

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14
Q

Sticky Ends

A

Cut anywhere other than down the middle
GACGT|C
C|TGCAG

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15
Q

Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to DNA or RNA, which can lead to copying entire genes (amplifies sections)

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16
Q

Primer

A

Short, single strand of nucleic acids that acts as a starting point for polymerase enzyme to attach

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17
Q

Monomer

A

Molecule

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18
Q

What way does the polymerase enzyme read and synthesise complementary strands

A

in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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19
Q

Restriction Endonuclease

A

Cuts DNA/RNA at specific restriction sight

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20
Q

Why transform bacteria?

A

Genetically modifying bacteria to produce human proteins has revolutionised modern medicine and agriculture

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21
Q

Plasmid

A

Small, circular loop of DNA separate from the chromosome, typically found in bacteria

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22
Q

Recombinant Plasmid

A

Circular DNA vector that is ligated to incorporate a gene of interest

23
Q

Bacterial Transformation

A

process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA from their environment. Used to introduce recombinant plasmids into bacteria

24
Q

Genetic Modification

A

manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology

25
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels

26
Q

Diabetes

A

Disease where the body cannot properly produce or respond to insulin

27
Q

Vector

A

means of introducing foreign DNA into an organism. Plasmids are a popular vector in bacterial transformation

28
Q

Antibiotic Resistance Gene

A

Gene which confers antibiotic resistance

29
Q

Antibiotic

A

Destroys bacteria

30
Q

Origin of Replication

A

Sequence found in prokaryotes that signals the start site of DNA replication

31
Q

Reporter Gene

A

Gene with an easily identifiable phenotype that can be used to identify whether a plasmid has taken up a gene of interest

32
Q

Heat Shock

A

Method of promoting recombinant plasmid uptake involving rapidly increasing and decreasing temperature to increase membrane permeability to enhance the likelyhood of bacterial transformation

33
Q

Electroporation

A

Methods of promoting recombinant plasmid uptake that involves delivering an electric shock to bacterial membranes to increase membrane permeability and likelyhood of bacterial transformation

34
Q

Fusion Protein

A

Protein made when separate genes have been joined and are transcribed and translated together

35
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Cut DNA (6 base palindromic sequence)

36
Q

Steps to Creating Recombinant Plasmids

A

1) Choose restriction enzyme
2) Choose a plasmid
3) Using restriction endonuclease
4) Making a recombinant plasmid
5) Transforming Bacteria
6) Identifying and Culturing Bacteria

37
Q

Recombinant

A

Organism or DNA molecule containing DNA from more than one species

38
Q

1) Choosing Restriction Enzyme

A

Endonuclease is chosen to cut upstream and downstram of gene, leaves stick ends

39
Q

2) Choosing a plasmid

A

Plasmid is chosen that has 2 genes that each encode observable traits
Of these, one must contain the restriction site

40
Q

3) Using Restriction Enzyme

A

Same restriction enzyme used to cut both source gene, and the plasmid

41
Q

4) Making a recombinant plasmid

A

When source gene and plasmids are mixed, source gene may incorperate into plasmids, creating a recombinant
A plasmid containing foreign ‘passenger’ DNA is caleld ‘recombinant’

42
Q

5) Transforming Bacteria

A

Bacteria made competent to take up plasmid
- only some bacteria will take up plasmid
- only some will take up RECOMBINANT plasmid

43
Q

6) Identifying and Culturing Bacteria

A

Growing bacteria on agar plate can help determine whether the bacteria has taken up a plasmid
Bacteria that haven’t taken a plasmid want to be able to grow, though lack the resistance gene

44
Q

Lawn

A

Covered in bacteria

45
Q

Colonies

A

Small patches of bacteria

46
Q

No growth

A

No bacteria - lacks resistance gene

47
Q

Overhanging Nucleotide

A

unbonded nucleotides on the ends of DNA strand resulting from a staggered cut (sticky ends)

48
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction
Denaturation
Anneale
Elongation

49
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

factor that is not accounted for, as is not kept constant through the experiment

50
Q

Methodology

A

strategy followed in a scientific investigation

51
Q

Method

A

the steps taken within an investigation

52
Q

Accuracy

A

Results match the expectation for the experiment (may not be precise although)

53
Q

Precision

A

Results are all close together, (may not be accurate although)

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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