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Biology 3 4 > Necessary Revision > Flashcards

Necessary Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

TRP Operon

A

Protein Synthesis is costly
- Genes can be shut off to conserve energy
- Save ATP

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2
Q

Deficit of Tryptophan

A
  • Insufficient quantity of trp to bind to repressor
  • Causes repressor protein to detatch from Operator region
  • Allows RNA polymerase to transcribe trp structural genes to code for tryptophan
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3
Q

Surplus of Tryptophan

A
  • Trp binds to repressor, changing its shape
  • Repressor binds to Operator
  • Prevents RNA Polymerase from running across
  • Transcription is blocked
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4
Q

C3 Plants

A
  • ‘normal plants’
  • go through ‘normal photosynthesis’
  • No adaptations to reduce Photorespiration
  • C3 - calvin cycle initially producecs 3 carbons
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5
Q

C4 Plants

A
  • Warm and tropic plants
  • Modified Photosynthesis as adaptation to environment
  • C4 - calvin cycle initially produces 4 carbons
  • Uses more ATP
    Eg.
  • Corn
  • Sugarcane
  • Weeds
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6
Q

CAM Plants

A
  • Hot and arid environment
  • Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
  • Adaptation to Decreased Photorespiration
    eg.
  • Cacti
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7
Q

Light Dependant Phase Inputs and Outputs

A

Inputs:
- H20
- NADP+
- ADP + Pi
Outputs
- O2
- NADPH
- ATP

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8
Q

Light Independant Phase Inputs and Outputs

A

Inputs:
- CO2
- NADPH
- ATP
Outputs:
- C6H12O6
- H2O
- NADP+
- ADP + Pi

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9
Q

C4 Light Independant Phase

A
  • Initial carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll cells
  • Remaining Calvin Cycle occurs in Bundle Sheath Cells
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10
Q

CAM Light Independant Phase

A
  • CAM plants open stomata at night to bring in CO2 without losing water
  • Can still photosynthesize during the day, as malate molecule is transported out of the vacuole and broken down to release CO2
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11
Q

C3 Light Independant Phase

A
  • Carbon dioxide ‘fixed’ to produce glucose, using H+ ions and electrons carries by NADPH from light dependant
  • Energy carries by NADPH and ATP used to drive reaction
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12
Q

Light Dependant Phase

A
  • Chlorophyll traps light energy
  • Water split to produce O2, H+ ions and excited electrons
  • NADP+ picks up H+ ions and electrons to become NADPH
  • ATP synthase converts ADP+Pi to ATP
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13
Q

Light Dependant Phase Location

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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14
Q

Light Independant Phase Location

A

Stroma

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for Protein Synthesis

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16
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Responsible for Folding and Transporting proteins

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17
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

Responsible for Transporting proteins

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18
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Responsible for Modifying and Packaging Proteins

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19
Q

Secretory Vesicle

A

Responsible for Transporting proteins

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20
Q

Glycolysis Location

A

Cytosol

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21
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Net gain of 2 ATP
  • Each glucose molecule broken down to become 2 pyruvate
  • 2 Loaded carriers (NADP+) also produced
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22
Q

Krebs Cycle Location

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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23
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • Net gain of 2 ATP
  • All carbon and oxygen from pyruvate is released as CO2
  • This creates more high energy coenzyme: 2ATP, 8NADH and 2FADH2
24
Q

Electron Transport Chain Location

A

Cristae of Mitochondria

25
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Net gain of 26-28 ATP
  • H+ ions diffuse back into matrix thorough ATP synthase, which rotates, creating ATP
    Oxygen accepts H+ ions, forming water
26
Q

Aerobic Respiration Equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water

27
Q

Anaerobic Respiraiton Equation

A

Glucose -> Lactic Acid

28
Q

Anaerobic Respiration in Mammals

A
  • When demand for energy outstrips ability to recieve oxygen
  • For every molecule of glucose broken down, net gain of 2 ATP
    Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Lactic Acid + ATP
29
Q

Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

A
  • Net gain of 2 ATP for every molecule broken down
    Glucose -> Pyruvate -> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + ATP
30
Q

Types of Phagocytes

A
  • Dendritic Cells
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
31
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • Messenger between innate and active immune system
  • Engulf Pathogens
32
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Engulf bacteria
  • Signal other phagocytes with cytokines
33
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Main producer of Pus
  • Engulf Bacteria
34
Q

Phagocytes

A
  • Produced in Bone marrow
  • White blood cells, specialisd in finding and ingesting pathogens
  • Release cytokines, signalling other molecules
35
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Lymphocytes that kill viruses - infected body cells
  • Release toxic granules to kill cells
  • Cytotoxic: Cell killing
36
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • Cause vasodilation
  • Secrete histamines when activated
  • Histamines - increase permeability and blood flow
37
Q

Eosiniphils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Assist against larger parasites - too large for phagocytosis
  • Contains toxic granules
38
Q

Second Line of Defence - Cellular

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Mast Cells
  • Eosiniphils
39
Q

Second Line of Defence - Non Cellular

A
  • Complement Proteins
  • Cytokines
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
40
Q

Fever

A
  • Aims to denature pathogens
  • Elevate body temp
  • Increased rate of photosynthesis
  • Speed up cellular repair
41
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Mast cells vasodilate blood
  • Increased blood flow carries phagocytes
  • Followed by discharge of pus
42
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Signalling molecules, coordinate immune response
  • Small proteins released in response to presence of pathogens
43
Q

Complement Proteins

A
  • ‘complement’ antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens
  • Made in liver
  • Circulate blood inactively
  • Facilitate phagocytosis
44
Q

B Cells

A
  • B Cells found outside of the cell
  • Lymphocyte, playing central role in humoral immunity
  • White blood cells from bone marrow
  • Mature in bone marrow before moving to secondary lymphoid organs
  • found in spleen, tonsils and lymph nodes
  • Once activated, B Cells become plasma cells, producing antibodies and B Memory Cells
45
Q

T Cells

A
  • T Cells found within the cell
  • White blood ceclls from bone marrow, mature in thymus gland
  • In thymus, T Cells multiply into helper and cytotoxic T cells
  • Once matured, circulate in blood or lymphatic system
  • Helper T Cells aid in activation of cytotoxic T Cells
46
Q

Cell Mediated Response

A

Antigen Presenting Cells concurrenlty initiate selection of T Helper and Naive T Cells
Naive T Cells stimulated by cytokines (from Th) and undergo clonal expansion and differentiation
Clones differentiate into either Cytotoxic T Cells or Memory T Cells
Upon contact with infected cell, T Cell binds to antigen MHC I complex
This induces secretion of cytotoxic chemicals to induce Apoptosis

47
Q

Humoral Response

A

Differentiation of the selected B cell occurs resulting in B memory (BM) and plasma cells
Plasma Cells produce large numbers of antibodies specific to the pathogen that initiated the response
B Memory cells are a form of immunological memory
A TH that has been selected with the same antigen is activated and secretes cytokines
A pathogen interacts with a B cell

48
Q

Agglutination

A

Antibodies can bind together with antigens on 2 seperate pathogens
Makes it easier for Phagocytes to recognise pathogens and destroy them

49
Q

Opsonisation

A

Antibodies stick on the outside surface of pathogens and make it easier for cells of the immune system, such as phagocytes, to recognise them as foreign

50
Q

Neutralisation

A

Antibodies binding to pathogen to inhibit toxic effects

51
Q

Imobilisation

A

Antibodies can restrict movement of Pathogens around the body through formation of large antigen antibody complexes

52
Q

Complement Activation

A

Antibodies bind to cancer cell and interact with complement proteins
Compliment proteins can then go on to destroy cancerous cell either through MAC, or enhancing the function of other immune cells

53
Q

Hominin vs Hominoid

A

Hominoid had pronounced jaw, decreased cranial capacity or less central foramen magnum

54
Q

Artificial Immunity

A

Artificial is acquired from medical technology to purposely give immunity

55
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Results from unintentional exposure to antigen by interaction with other biological entities

56
Q

Active Immunity

A

When a persons own immune system produces their antibodies

57
Q

Passive Immunity

A

When someone has antibodies produced by someone else’s immune system

Biology 3 4 (9 decks)

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