Photosynthesis

Question 1

Transpiration

Answer 1

Exit of water out of the stomata of the leaves

Question 1

What is photosynthesis carried out by?

Answer 1

Kingdoms:
- Plantae
- Eubacteria
- Protista

Question 2

Photosynthesis Definition

Answer 2

• Process that where autotrophs and some protists convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates
• Ex. Glucose, cellulose, sucrose

Question 3

What are the two steps of photosynthesis?

Answer 3

• Light Dependent Reactions
• Light Independent Reactions

Question 4

Light Dependent Reactions

Answer 4

• Occur in thylakoid membranes
• Supply energy needed to drive the Calvin Cycle

Question 5

Light Independent Reactions

Answer 5

• The Calvin Cycle
• Also called the synthesis reactions
• Store chemical energy in the form of glucose/carb

Question 6

Equation of photosynthesis (written in words)

Answer 6

• Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen
• Opposite to cell respiration

Question 7

Equation of photosynthesis (not words in elements)

Answer 7

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 8

How does photosynthesis complement cellular respiration?

Answer 8

Since products of photosynthesis get stored in plants, they are later ingested or inhaled by heterotrophs in order to carry out cell respiration

Question 9

How is light captured?

Answer 9

• Light shines on photosynthetic flesh
• Light energy in the form of ‘photons’ excite pigment molecules such as chlorophyll

Question 10

What is a photon?

Answer 10

A packet of light

Question 11

Chloroplast characteristics

Answer 11

• Double membrane (both are smooth)
• Very small in size
• Contain thylakoids and stroma

Question 12

Thylakoids

Answer 12

• Coin-like structures
• Light absorption and other accessory pigments
• Electron transfer
• ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

Question 13

Granum

Answer 13

• Plural=Grana
• Stacks of thylakoids

Question 14

Stroma

Answer 14

• Liquid filled interior of chloroplasts
• Where Calvin Cycle occurs

Question 15

Lumen

Answer 15

Middle of thylakoids

Question 16

Lamellae

Answer 16

Bridge connecting grana together

Question 17

What is chlorophyll?

Answer 17

• The most common type of pigment molecule involved in light capturing

Question 18

Where is chlorophyll found?

Answer 18

In the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

Question 19

What colours does chlorophyll reflect?

Answer 19

• Reflects green, giving autotrophs their green colour

Question 20

What are the two different types of chlorophyll?

Answer 20

• Chlorophyll A
• Chlorophyll B

Question 21

What do accessory pigments do?

Answer 21

• Help chlorophyll do its job

Question 22

2 parts of chlorophyll

Answer 22

• Porphyrin ring
• Phytol chain

Question 23

What are thylakoid membranes made up of?

Answer 23

• Phospholipid bilayers with pigment-containing proteins in them

Question 24

In the dark, what do plants carry out?

Answer 24

- Cell respiration - Since they also have mitochondria

Question 25

What do photons do?

Answer 25

They are able to boost electrons to an excited state of high energy

Question 26

Photophosphorylation

Answer 26

The eventual production of ATP using light energy

Question 27

Components of a photosystem

Answer 27

- Antenna complex - Reaction centre

Question 28

What does the antenna complex contain?

Answer 28

- Accessory pigments that absorb energy and contain excitable electrons

Question 29

Role of antenna complex

Answer 29

- In leaves, each pigment is surrounded by neighbouring pigments - That energy is passed from one neighbour to the next until it reaches a chlorophyll A molecule - A small amount of energy is lost at each step so the right amount is available to excite electrons in chlorophyll A

Question 30

Reaction Centre

Answer 30

- Chlorophyll A accesses the channeled energy from the accessory pigments - Gives electrons needed for photosynthesis

Question 31

Non-Cyclic Flow

Answer 31

- Also called linear flow - Key idea: Makes ATP and NADPH that can be used in the Calvin cycle

Question 32

Cyclic Flow

Answer 32

- Non-linear flow - Key idea: Makes ATP but no NADPH because electrons don't make their way to NADP Reductase

Question 33

Note about cyclic flow

Answer 33

- It only happens in some photosynthetic creatures as an option - Not mandatory

Question 34

CO2 in Calvin Cycle

Answer 34

- Enters from the atmosphere via the "stomata" - When CO2 bonds with the first compound it's called "Carbon Fixation"

Question 35

Rubisco

Answer 35

- Most abundant enzyme on earth - Catalyzes the carbon dioxide

Question 36

Location of Calvin Cycle

Answer 36

Stroma

Question 37

Location of Electron transport chain

Answer 37

- Membrane of the thylakoid - Thylakoid lumen - Stroma

Question 38

Stomata/Stoma

Answer 38

- Pores in the leafs of plants

Question 39

Note about G3P

Answer 39

- Keeps accumulating as more cycles occur - After 3 turns (or 3 fixations) one G3P can exist