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Biology - Metabolic Processes > Introduction to Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Introduction to Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Requires air

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2
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A
  • Process where cells break down carbohydrates, thereby yielding ATP for cellular work
  • In the presence of oxygen
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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells where does aerobic cellular respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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4
Q

In the cell respiration equation how many ATP is there? (2 different numbers)

A
  • 36 or 38
  • Depends on type of cell
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5
Q

Cell Respiration four stages

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Kreb’s Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
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6
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Sugar Breakdown
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm (no oxygen)
  • Turns glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
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7
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  • Occurs as pyruvate enter the mitochondrial membrane
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8
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A
  • Also called the Citric Acid Cycle
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
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9
Q

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

A
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
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10
Q

What is energy transfer during respiration?

A
  • Involves phosphate transfer
  • Accomplished through 2 different energy transfer mechanisms
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11
Q

What are the 2 different energy transfer mechanisms?

A
  1. Substrate level Phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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12
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A
  • Process by which a phosphate is attached to an organic molecule is passed onto another molecule without the use of an electron transport chain
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13
Q

What does substrate level phosphorylation involve?

A
  • Organic phosphate (ex. ATP) transfer
  • No electron transport chain
  • Uses enzymes
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14
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation take place?

A

Occurs in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle

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15
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Process by which an inorganic phosphate is attached to another molecule using a series of reactions in an electron transport chain

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16
Q

Example of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ADP + inorganic phosphate –> ATP

17
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A
  • Inorganic phosphate transfer
  • An electron transport chain
18
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Occurs in the Electron Transport Chain

19
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Where organisms/cells create energy in the absence of oxygen

20
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Organisms that must live in the absence of oxygen

21
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A
  • Organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
22
Q

Example of Facultative Anaerobes

A
  • Yeast
  • E. coli bacteria
23
Q

Theoretical Yield of Glucose

A
  • 3 ATP are produced per NADH and 2 ATP are produced FADH2
  • Therefore the theoretical yield is 36 ATP per glucose
24
Q

Actual Yield of Glucose

A
  • 2.5 ATP are produced per NADH and 1.5 ATP are produced per FADH2
  • Therefore the actual yield is 30 ATP per glucose
25
Q

1st example of variables affecting ATP yield

A

Death of an organelle

26
Q

2nd example of variables affecting ATP yield

A
  • Leakiness of the mitochondrial membrane
  • If H+’s leak, a concentration gradient won’t be made, and ATP synthase won’t work
27
Q

What are small leaks of the mitochondrial membrane cause by?

A

Vitamin deficiencies

28
Q

What are huge leaks of the mitochondrial membrane caused by?

A
  • Drugs and chemicals
  • Example: DNP
29
Q

3rd example of variables affecting ATP yield

A

H+ can be used up by other processes in the cell before ATP can be created

30
Q

4th example of variables affecting ATP yield

A
  • Malfunctioning/malformed proteins/enzymes could decrease ATP yield
  • Caused by mineral deficiencies or denaturing of proteins
31
Q

Efficiency of cell respiration

A

Total efficiency of cell respiration is about 32% efficient

32
Q

Cell respiration in eukaryotic cells

A
  • Have to shuttle NADH into the mitochondrial membrane, and therefore use up 2 ATP
  • 36 ATP made in total
33
Q

Cell respiration in prokaryotic cells

A
  • Have no mitochondria, and the ETC occurs in its own cell membrane
  • They have no double membrane to send pyruvate or NADH through
  • 38 ATP made in total
34
Q

ATP Input - Glycolysis

A

-2 ATP (investment)
-2 ATP (used to shuttle NADH in eukaryotes not prokaryotes)

35
Q

ATP Output - Glycolysis

A

4 ATP
6 ATP (in ETC) - 2 NADH x 3 pumps

36
Q

ATP Output - Pyruvate Oxidation

A

6 ATP (in ETC) - 2 NADH x 3 pumps

37
Q

ATP Output - Krebs Cycle

A

2 ATP (immediately)
18 ATP (in ETC) - 6 NADH x 3
4 ATP (in ETC) - 2 FADH2 x 2 pumps

38
Q

Total ATP produced in eukaryotes

A

40 ATP - 4 ATP
= 36 ATP

39
Q

Total ATP produced in prokaryotes

A

40 ATP - 2ATP
= 38 ATP

Biology - Metabolic Processes (14 decks)

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