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Biology - Metabolic Processes > Introduction to Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Introduction to Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What does aerobic mean?

A

Requires air

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2
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A
  • Process where cells break down carbohydrates, thereby yielding ATP for cellular work
  • In the presence of oxygen
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3
Q

In eukaryotic cells where does aerobic cellular respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondria

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4
Q

In the cell respiration equation how many ATP is there? (2 different numbers)

A
  • 36 or 38
  • Depends on type of cell
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5
Q

Cell Respiration four stages

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Kreb’s Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
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6
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • Sugar Breakdown
  • Takes place in the cytoplasm (no oxygen)
  • Turns glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules
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7
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A
  • Occurs as pyruvate enter the mitochondrial membrane
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8
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A
  • Also called the Citric Acid Cycle
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
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9
Q

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

A
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
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10
Q

What is energy transfer during respiration?

A
  • Involves phosphate transfer
  • Accomplished through 2 different energy transfer mechanisms
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11
Q

What are the 2 different energy transfer mechanisms?

A
  1. Substrate level Phosphorylation
  2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
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12
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A
  • Process by which a phosphate is attached to an organic molecule is passed onto another molecule without the use of an electron transport chain
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13
Q

What does substrate level phosphorylation involve?

A
  • Organic phosphate (ex. ATP) transfer
  • No electron transport chain
  • Uses enzymes
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14
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation take place?

A

Occurs in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle

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15
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Process by which an inorganic phosphate is attached to another molecule using a series of reactions in an electron transport chain

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16
Q

Example of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ADP + inorganic phosphate –> ATP

17
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A
  • Inorganic phosphate transfer
  • An electron transport chain
18
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Occurs in the Electron Transport Chain

19
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Where organisms/cells create energy in the absence of oxygen

20
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Organisms that must live in the absence of oxygen

21
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A
  • Organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
22
Q

Example of Facultative Anaerobes

A
  • Yeast
  • E. coli bacteria
23
Q

Theoretical Yield of Glucose

A
  • 3 ATP are produced per NADH and 2 ATP are produced FADH2
  • Therefore the theoretical yield is 36 ATP per glucose
24
Q

Actual Yield of Glucose

A
  • 2.5 ATP are produced per NADH and 1.5 ATP are produced per FADH2
  • Therefore the actual yield is 30 ATP per glucose
25
1st example of variables affecting ATP yield
Death of an organelle
26
2nd example of variables affecting ATP yield
- Leakiness of the mitochondrial membrane - If H+'s leak, a concentration gradient won't be made, and ATP synthase won't work
27
What are small leaks of the mitochondrial membrane cause by?
Vitamin deficiencies
28
What are huge leaks of the mitochondrial membrane caused by?
- Drugs and chemicals - Example: DNP
29
3rd example of variables affecting ATP yield
H+ can be used up by other processes in the cell before ATP can be created
30
4th example of variables affecting ATP yield
- Malfunctioning/malformed proteins/enzymes could decrease ATP yield - Caused by mineral deficiencies or denaturing of proteins
31
Efficiency of cell respiration
Total efficiency of cell respiration is about 32% efficient
32
Cell respiration in eukaryotic cells
- Have to shuttle NADH into the mitochondrial membrane, and therefore use up 2 ATP - 36 ATP made in total
33
Cell respiration in prokaryotic cells
- Have no mitochondria, and the ETC occurs in its own cell membrane - They have no double membrane to send pyruvate or NADH through - 38 ATP made in total
34
ATP Input - Glycolysis
-2 ATP (investment) -2 ATP (used to shuttle NADH in eukaryotes not prokaryotes)
35
ATP Output - Glycolysis
4 ATP 6 ATP (in ETC) - 2 NADH x 3 pumps
36
ATP Output - Pyruvate Oxidation
6 ATP (in ETC) - 2 NADH x 3 pumps
37
ATP Output - Krebs Cycle
2 ATP (immediately) 18 ATP (in ETC) - 6 NADH x 3 4 ATP (in ETC) - 2 FADH2 x 2 pumps
38
Total ATP produced in eukaryotes
40 ATP - 4 ATP = 36 ATP
39
Total ATP produced in prokaryotes
40 ATP - 2ATP = 38 ATP

Biology - Metabolic Processes (14 decks)

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