'Entropy' and 'Free Energy' in Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relation between cellular respiration and photosynthesis reactions?

A
  • They are coexistent and are ultimately dependent on each other
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2
Q

What are most metabolic reactions?

A
  • Exothermic and exergonic
  • They rely on enzyme action
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3
Q

What are less common metabolic reactions?

A
  • Endothermic and endergonic
  • They require energy to be driven forward
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4
Q

Free Energy Exchanges

A
  • Cells constantly carry out thousands of exergonic and endergonic reactions
  • Sometimes the free energy produced by an exergonic reaction can help drive an endergonic reaction forward
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5
Q

Energy Coupling

A

Process when exergonic reactions are used to drive endergonic reactions

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6
Q

Coupled Reactions

A
  • Reactions where an energetically favourable (spontaneous) reaction is able to drive an energetically unfavourable reaction forward
  • Reactions involved in energy coupling
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7
Q

Coupled Reaction Formulas

A
  1. A –> B + C
  2. D + E –> F
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8
Q

In biological reactions what molecule helps in the process of coupling?

A

ATP!!

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9
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Stands for: Adenosine triphosphate
  • Primary source of energy for endothermic reactions to occur in cells
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10
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A
  • Adenine
  • Ribose sugar
  • 3 phosphates
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11
Q

What is inorganic phosphate?

A
  • Phosphate group that has no attached carbons
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12
Q

Formula of the hydrolysis of ATP

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Inorganic Phosphate

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13
Q

In order for cells to function…

A
  • They must regenerate ATP molecules
  • This is done by coupling ATP and ADP molecules
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14
Q

What does Pi represent?

A

Inorganic phosphate

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15
Q

ATPase

A
  • An enzyme that hydrolyzes the last phosphate and removes it from ATP when the cells require Gibbs free energy to work
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16
Q

Phosphorylation

A
  • The addition of inorganic phosphate to a molecule
  • Phosphorylated molecules are more reactive
17
Q

What cells possess more ATP molecules?

A
  • Muscle cells
  • Sperm cells
  • Nerve cells
18
Q

Reduction-Oxidation

A
  • When biochemical reactions involve the transferring of electrons from one molecule to another
19
Q

Reduction

A
  • Process of gaining electrons
  • Often in the form of hydrogen atoms
20
Q

Oxidation

A
  • Process of losing electrons
  • Hydrogen atoms in biological systems
21
Q

Memory Tool

A

LEO THE LION SAYS GER
Lose Electrons = Oxidation
Gain Electrons = Reduction

22
Q

Reducing Agent

A
  • The substance that loses electrons
  • ie. becomes oxidized
23
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A
  • The substance that gains electrons
  • ie. becomes reduced
24
Q

Example of a Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX) Reaction

A
  • Burning or combustion reactions
  • Cellular respiration is a slow, controlled redox reaction
25
Q

H+ implies…

A
  • A proton
  • Is an ion
26
Q

H implies…

A
  • An electron
27
Q

Coupled Redox Processes

A
  • In some biochemical reactions a series of redox reactions occur where electrons are gained, lost, gained, lost etc…until the final product is reduced
  • Each successive oxidation agent possess a stronger pull for the electron than the previous one