Philosophy: Medieval, Modern, & Contemporary Period Flashcards
Medieval Period is what and it is focused on what?
Theocentric, focused on God
-dominated by Christian concerns
Composed the Medieval Period
- St. Augustine and Platonic Influences
- Scholasticism Aquinas
- Nominalism Ockham
Where is St. Augustine from?
Egypt
Explain: Augustine and Platonic Influences
- synthesized platonic ideas with Christian doctrines
- God is pure Form = most real being
Explain: Scholasticism Aquinas
- time of Charlemagne
- blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrines
- tends to be Realist because of Aristotelian influence
- forms are real, but only in particular things
- Aquinas & Scotus
Explain: Nominalism
-Nominalists said that forms are only names (nomen)
Followed the Atomists
Nominalists
Modern Period is about?
Human Person
In modern period, they believe that two things should be together
Subject (Cogito)
Object (World)
Composed the Modern Period
- Descartes & Cogito
- Rationalism & Empiricism
- Kant Synthesis
Explain: Descartes and Cogito
- started & put philosophy on the foundation of certainty
- Epistemology (knowing) over Ontology (being)
Explain: Rene Descartes
- applied methodical doubt
- you cannot doubt doubting/thinking, so you exist
Descartes said that this is the most certain thing in the world
Cogito
What did Descartes said? This is foundation of subsequent development
“Cogito, ergo sum!”
-“I think, therefore I am!”
Explain: Rationalism & Empiricism
Rationalism: knowledge is based on reason, not senses. (Spinoza, Leibniz)
Empiricism: the source of knowledge is senses. (Hume, Locke, Berkeley)
Explain: Kant Synthesis
Immanuel Kant reconciled Rationalism & Empiricism
- knowledge starts from the sense experience
- structure of knowledge come from reason
What is Contemporary Period about?
Reaction to Modern Period Philisophy
Composed the Contemporary Period
- Phenomenology
- Analytic Philosophy
- Marxism
Explain: Phenomenology
- from phenomena = “appearances”
- study of phenomena/structure of experiences
- our knowledge of things are from its appearance (Edmund Husserl, German)
Explain: Analytic Philosophy
- originated in England by G. E. Moore and Russell
- arguments are based on the meanings of terms and propositions, employing the method of formal and analysis of language
Explain: Marxism
Karl Marx - German; exiled in England
- notion of consciousness: consciousness is always the consciousness of something
- there is always consciousness & something
What did Karl Marx said?
It is a political method of societal analysis that focuses on class relations, and societal conflict, that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, and the dialectical view of social transformation.
