Logic: History Flashcards
Basically concerned with the principles of valid inference
Logic
What is the meaning of logic?
Logic is the study of the principles and methods by which we distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning.
He is the first thinker to devise a logical system
Aristotle
He is known as the father of logic
Aristotle
It is a collection of five logical treatises written by Aristotle
Organon
What does Organon means?
Instrument
What are the 5 logical treatises of Organon?
COPPT
Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics (w/ appendix: Sophistical Refutations)
What is the appendix inside the Topics?
Sophistical Refutations
What kind of logic did Aristotle made?
Syllogistic logic
Who worked on Aristotle’s logic after his death?
Theophrastus, student of Aristotle
It followed more the Eleatic school rather than the Peripatetic school
Megarian School
Who founded the Megarian School?
Euclides
Megarians focused on what?
Paradoxes
Modal notions
Conditional statements
Who owned the peripatetic school?
Aristotle
Produced a logical system that was viewed as a rival to Aristotle’s
Stoicism
Who founded Stoicism?
Zeno of Citium
Focus on the theory of conditional propositions
Stoicism
He dealt with the doctrine of predicables
Porphyry
What did Porphyry created?
Isagoge (Introduction)
He translated and commented on Aristotle’s logic
Boethius
What did Boethius introduced? What does it says?
“Problem of Universals”
-The whole art of logic is concerned with speech.
He used dialectic instead of logic
Peter Abelard
What are the works of Peter Abelard?
Dialectica (one of the 4 logic)
Consequentia or Hypothetical arguments: Modus ponens & Tollens
Name of Peter Abelard’s partner
Heloise, in the movie “Stealing Heaven”
This concerns with Appellation and Supposition
Theory of Proprietates Terminorum
Doctrine about the reference of terms in various propositional contexts
Supposition Theory
He is the most important terminist logician in the 14th century
William of Ockham
What are the works of William of Ockham?
Summa Totius Logicae
Ockham’s razor
What is Ockham’s razor about?
Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity
Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem
He elaborated a full theory of consequences, a cross between entailments and inference rules.
Jean Buridan
Constructed a detailed and extensive investigation of syllogistic, and offers completeness proofs.
Jean Buridan
Period when logic was stagnant and not entirely us
After Renaissance
A stoic, and a master of logic
Chrysippus
This is an important textbook on logic; this was more of a manual or textbook on “Traditional logic”
Port Royal Logic
Who wrote Port Royal Logic?
Antoine Arnauld & Pierre Nicole
Port Royal Logic admired Aristotle’s what but rejected the other works?
Prior Analytics
Port Royal Logic is a distinction between what and what of the general term
Comprehension and extension
During the modern logic, new studies on logic were done mostly by whom?
Mathematicians
Who are the 6 mathematicians during the modern logic?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leonhard Euler John Stuart Mill George Boole John Venn Lewis Caroll
What is the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s project?
Characteristica Universalis
A kind of universal feature of language the use of which can make our language mathematically precise
Characteristica Universalis
What is Leibniz’s dream for an ideal language?
Eliminate ambiguities and vagueness in our language
A system or device used to perform logical deductions within the framework set by the Characteristica
Calculus Ratiocinator
Who said, “The only way to rectify our reasonings is to make them as tangible as those of the mathematicians…”
Leibniz
What did Euler made?
Euler’s circles, Letters to a German Princess on Diverse Subjects of Natural Philosophy
The German princess that Euler tutored
Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt
He is the most devoted to induction and the methodology of natural and social sciences
John Stuart Mill
What did Mill introduced?
Connotation and Denotation of Terms
What is the work of John Stuart Mill?
System of Logic: a connected view of the principles of evidence and the methods of scientific investigation
What are the works of George Boole?
Mathematical analysis of logic
Laws of Thought
What is the idea of George Boole?
That algebraic formula can be used to express logical relations
He used diagrams of overlapping regions to illustrate relations between classes or just truth-conditions of propositions.
John Venn
What is the work of John Venn?
Symbolic Logic
John Venn’s diagrams were distinct from those of whom? And it illustrates who’s logic?
Euler
Boole’s logic
What was the work of Lewis Caroll?
Symbolic Logic
What did Lewis Caroll had written?
Alice in Wonderland
He also used a similar scheme
Lewis Caroll
What are the 3 overlapping traditions in logic
- Algebraic School
- Logicist School
- Axiomatic School (Mathematical School)
Founders of Algebraic School
George Boole
William Stanley Jevons
John Venn
Founders of Logicist School
Bertrand Russel
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Gottlob Frege
Founders of Axiomatic School
Kurt Gödel
Allan Turing and Alonzo Church
Its aim is to develop calculi common to the reasoning in different areas, such as propositions, classes, and probabilities. The orientation is that of abstract algebra.
Algebraic School
Its aim is to codify the underlying logic of all relational scientific discourse into a single system.
Logicist School
It is focused on the languages and the axiomatizations themselves as objects for direct mathematical study
Axiomatic School
