Philosophy: Beginning & Ancient Period Flashcards
Define Philisophy
The use of rational, reflective method for attempting to get at the most basic underlying principles and to discover normative criteria
Who coined philosophia?
Pythagoras, said by Aristotle
Philosophia came from two gk words
Philos - love
Sophos -wisdom
Philosophy - love of wisdom
Is a lover of wisdom
Philosopher
In the early times, those lovers of wisdom are interested in discovering the ultimate basis of things, not according to religious beliefs but according to what and what?
Reason and observation
Before there was philosophy which was based on logos, there was what?
Mythos
This is the certain way of thinking that placed the world in the context of it supernatural origins; Beliefs in gods and goddesses
Mythos
Explained worldly things by tracing them to exceptional, sometimes sacred, events that cause the world to be as it is now
Mythos
For the Greeks events are caused by acts of the gods where?
Mt. Olympus
It gradually replaced Mythos
Logos
Refers to reason, thinking, study. It also means word, or speech.
Logos
Logic derived from the Greek word what?
Logos
Philosophers started with what?
Wonder
What are the two task sof Philosophers?
Analyzing - taking apart - love
Synthesizing - putting together - strife
They’re also called as Ionians
Milesians
A seaport, located across the Aegean Sea from Athens, on the western shores of Ionia in Asia Minor
Miletus
Who are the Milesians?
Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes
The ancient period was what and it was focused on what?
Cosmocentric; focused on World
Why are the Presocratics called as such?
- lived before Socrates
- they are naturalists: focused on world/nature rather than man
He began the practice of inquiring about the nature of things
Thales
He was the first recorded to answer the question “what is the world made of?”
Thales
He believes that water is the basic element because it is found everywhere
Thales
He is also known as the father of Philosophy
Thales
What are the two things that Thales’ theory needs
Reason & Observation
He said that the basic stuff is not water nor any other specific element. Because water is limited, so it can’t be the source.
Anaximander
Student of Thales
Anaximander
Anaximander believes that it is the basic element of the world
Apeiron
What is Apeiron
Boundless; indeterminate; or infinite
Believes that the basic stuff is air, something more widespread than water and holds everything else
Anaximenes
He believes that the world is not made up of just one element because these elements cannot be formed from one another
Empedocles
What are the four elements?
Earth, water, air, fire
What are the forces that make the four elements combine and disintegrate?
Love and Strife
He believes that all things are numbers because all has numerical values
Pythagoras
He discovered the ratios of concordance between musical sound and number
Pythagoras
What is the nationality of Pythagoras?
Italian
According to Pythagoras, what is the meaning of Kosmos?
Order
What is the most orderly thing in the universe
Universe
It is a mathematical harmony of the universe
Doctrine of the “Music of the Spheres”
What did Heraclitus said? And what does it mean?
“Panta Rei!”
-everything changes but change itself
It is what holds up everything the changes, said by Heraclitus
-it makes us identical even if we’re the same
Logos
He believes that the basic characteristic of the world is change
Heraclitus
He believes that fire is the element of the world, multiplicity
Heraclitus
He believes that nothing ever changes
Parmenides
Parmenides said that
Nothing come out from nothing = motion is not possible
He is from Elea, Italy and built the Elean School
Parmenides
Believes that reality is just one; the many is an illusion
Parmenides
Believes that reality is like a river; one cannot cross the same river twice.
Heraclitus
Believes that you cannot step on the same river once
Parmenides
He believes that you should follow your mind (truth) not your senses (illusion)
Parmenides
Parmenides said that the most-evident truth is that?
“It is” / being
-everywhere is being
Those who hold that all things are made up or reducible to only one stuff
Monists
Is those who hold that the ultimate reality is composed of plurality of things, not just one
Pluralists
Differentiate Monists & Pluralists
Monists - believes in 1 reality
Pluralists - believes in many realities
Give Monists
Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Parmenides
Give Pluralists
Pythagoras
Heraclitus
Empedocles
Anaxagoras
He believes that everything is made of infinite seeds
Anaxagoras
The belief that everything is made of infinite seeds
Panspermia
Seed came from what Gk word
Sperma
Said that, “In all things, there is a portion of everything…”
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras said that the movement of these seeds is governed by what?
Nous (mind)
Believes that everything is made of atoms
Leucippus and Democritus
Basic solid building blocks of nature
Atoms
Atoms came from what word?
Atomos - indivisible
Does Democritus believe in spirits?
No, because spirits are not materials and they don’t have atoms. And atoms are materials.
Believes that man is basis/measure of all things
Protagoras
Two Eleatics
Parmenides
Zeno
Two Atomists
Democritus
Leucippus
What is the meaning of principium?
Beginning
Greeks’ flight to what is the principium of Philisophy
Logos
The ideas of Presocratics are synthesized by whom?
Plato and Aristotle
