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Philosophy - Prelims > Philosophy: Beginning & Ancient Period > Flashcards

Philosophy: Beginning & Ancient Period Flashcards

1
Q

Define Philisophy

A

The use of rational, reflective method for attempting to get at the most basic underlying principles and to discover normative criteria

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2
Q

Who coined philosophia?

A

Pythagoras, said by Aristotle

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3
Q

Philosophia came from two gk words

A

Philos - love
Sophos -wisdom

Philosophy - love of wisdom

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4
Q

Is a lover of wisdom

A

Philosopher

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5
Q

In the early times, those lovers of wisdom are interested in discovering the ultimate basis of things, not according to religious beliefs but according to what and what?

A

Reason and observation

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6
Q

Before there was philosophy which was based on logos, there was what?

A

Mythos

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7
Q

This is the certain way of thinking that placed the world in the context of it supernatural origins; Beliefs in gods and goddesses

A

Mythos

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8
Q

Explained worldly things by tracing them to exceptional, sometimes sacred, events that cause the world to be as it is now

A

Mythos

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9
Q

For the Greeks events are caused by acts of the gods where?

A

Mt. Olympus

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10
Q

It gradually replaced Mythos

A

Logos

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11
Q

Refers to reason, thinking, study. It also means word, or speech.

A

Logos

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12
Q

Logic derived from the Greek word what?

A

Logos

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13
Q

Philosophers started with what?

A

Wonder

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14
Q

What are the two task sof Philosophers?

A

Analyzing - taking apart - love

Synthesizing - putting together - strife

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15
Q

They’re also called as Ionians

A

Milesians

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16
Q

A seaport, located across the Aegean Sea from Athens, on the western shores of Ionia in Asia Minor

A

Miletus

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17
Q

Who are the Milesians?

A

Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes

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18
Q

The ancient period was what and it was focused on what?

A

Cosmocentric; focused on World

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19
Q

Why are the Presocratics called as such?

A
  • lived before Socrates

- they are naturalists: focused on world/nature rather than man

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20
Q

He began the practice of inquiring about the nature of things

A

Thales

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21
Q

He was the first recorded to answer the question “what is the world made of?”

A

Thales

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22
Q

He believes that water is the basic element because it is found everywhere

A

Thales

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23
Q

He is also known as the father of Philosophy

A

Thales

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24
Q

What are the two things that Thales’ theory needs

A

Reason & Observation

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25
Q

He said that the basic stuff is not water nor any other specific element. Because water is limited, so it can’t be the source.

A

Anaximander

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26
Q

Student of Thales

A

Anaximander

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27
Q

Anaximander believes that it is the basic element of the world

A

Apeiron

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28
Q

What is Apeiron

A

Boundless; indeterminate; or infinite

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29
Q

Believes that the basic stuff is air, something more widespread than water and holds everything else

A

Anaximenes

30
Q

He believes that the world is not made up of just one element because these elements cannot be formed from one another

A

Empedocles

31
Q

What are the four elements?

A

Earth, water, air, fire

32
Q

What are the forces that make the four elements combine and disintegrate?

A

Love and Strife

33
Q

He believes that all things are numbers because all has numerical values

A

Pythagoras

34
Q

He discovered the ratios of concordance between musical sound and number

A

Pythagoras

35
Q

What is the nationality of Pythagoras?

A

Italian

36
Q

According to Pythagoras, what is the meaning of Kosmos?

A

Order

37
Q

What is the most orderly thing in the universe

A

Universe

38
Q

It is a mathematical harmony of the universe

A

Doctrine of the “Music of the Spheres”

39
Q

What did Heraclitus said? And what does it mean?

A

“Panta Rei!”

-everything changes but change itself

40
Q

It is what holds up everything the changes, said by Heraclitus
-it makes us identical even if we’re the same

A

Logos

41
Q

He believes that the basic characteristic of the world is change

A

Heraclitus

42
Q

He believes that fire is the element of the world, multiplicity

A

Heraclitus

43
Q

He believes that nothing ever changes

A

Parmenides

44
Q

Parmenides said that

A

Nothing come out from nothing = motion is not possible

45
Q

He is from Elea, Italy and built the Elean School

A

Parmenides

46
Q

Believes that reality is just one; the many is an illusion

A

Parmenides

47
Q

Believes that reality is like a river; one cannot cross the same river twice.

A

Heraclitus

48
Q

Believes that you cannot step on the same river once

A

Parmenides

49
Q

He believes that you should follow your mind (truth) not your senses (illusion)

A

Parmenides

50
Q

Parmenides said that the most-evident truth is that?

A

“It is” / being

-everywhere is being

51
Q

Those who hold that all things are made up or reducible to only one stuff

A

Monists

52
Q

Is those who hold that the ultimate reality is composed of plurality of things, not just one

A

Pluralists

53
Q

Differentiate Monists & Pluralists

A

Monists - believes in 1 reality

Pluralists - believes in many realities

54
Q

Give Monists

A

Thales
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Parmenides

55
Q

Give Pluralists

A

Pythagoras
Heraclitus
Empedocles
Anaxagoras

56
Q

He believes that everything is made of infinite seeds

A

Anaxagoras

57
Q

The belief that everything is made of infinite seeds

A

Panspermia

58
Q

Seed came from what Gk word

A

Sperma

59
Q

Said that, “In all things, there is a portion of everything…”

A

Anaxagoras

60
Q

Anaxagoras said that the movement of these seeds is governed by what?

A

Nous (mind)

61
Q

Believes that everything is made of atoms

A

Leucippus and Democritus

62
Q

Basic solid building blocks of nature

A

Atoms

63
Q

Atoms came from what word?

A

Atomos - indivisible

64
Q

Does Democritus believe in spirits?

A

No, because spirits are not materials and they don’t have atoms. And atoms are materials.

65
Q

Believes that man is basis/measure of all things

A

Protagoras

66
Q

Two Eleatics

A

Parmenides

Zeno

67
Q

Two Atomists

A

Democritus

Leucippus

68
Q

What is the meaning of principium?

A

Beginning

69
Q

Greeks’ flight to what is the principium of Philisophy

A

Logos

70
Q

The ideas of Presocratics are synthesized by whom?

A

Plato and Aristotle

Philosophy - Prelims (8 decks)

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