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Prelims > Philosophers about Self > Flashcards

Philosophers about Self Flashcards

1
Q

Reflects on and seeks to answer reality, knowledge, and values

A

Philosophy

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2
Q

Philos

A

Love

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3
Q

Sophia

A

Wisdom

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4
Q

Philosophy is called

A

Mother of all disciplines

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5
Q

Science of study of mind and behavior

A

Psychology

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6
Q

Logos

A

Science

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7
Q

Psyche

A

Mind/Self

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8
Q

Study of the social life of individuals, groups, and societies

A

Sociology

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9
Q

A unified being, essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency

A

Self

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10
Q

Known as market philosopher

A

Socrates

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11
Q

What did Socrates say?

A

“Know thyself.”

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12
Q

If we know ourselves, we could now act according to their definition of the self without ______ and ______

A

Doubt and Contradiction

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12
Q

What did Socrates say when he held the question of who a man is?

A

“An unexamined life is not worth living.”

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13
Q

Socrates is a?

A

Dualist

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14
Q

Human, mortal, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble, and inconsistent

A

Body

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15
Q

Divine, immortal, intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and self-consistent and invariable

A

Soul

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16
Q

Describe man’s existence according to Socrates

A

Man’s existence was first in the realm of ideas and exists as a soul or pure mind. This soul has knowledge by direct intuition, which is stored in his mind. However, once he came to the material world or the world of senses, he needed to remember most of what he knew.

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17
Q

An exchange of questions and answers that ultimately aims to make the person remember all the knowledge they have forgotten, including their former omniscient self.

A

Socratic method/Dialectic method

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18
Q

In Socratic Method, answers are always ______

A

subjective

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18
Q

For Socrates, ___________ means knowing one’s degree of understanding about the world and one’s capabilities and potentials

A

Self-knowledge

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19
Q

For Socrates, a ______ is a virtue, and ______ is a vice.

A

possession of knowledge, ignorance

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20
Q

What did Plato say?

A

“Thinking – the talking of the soul with itself.”

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21
Q

He argued that the soul is eternal and constitutes the enduring self because the soul continues to exist even after death.

A

Plato

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22
Q

The permanent, unchanging reality

A

Ideal World/World of Forms

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23
Q

Constantly changing representation of ideal world, what we see around us.

A

Material World

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24
Q

Plato’s dichotomy is reflected in his idea of the _______

A

Nature of man

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25
Q

According to Plato, we have a soul which is the ______ and a body which is the _______.

A

True self, replica of true self

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26
Q

According to Plato, the body is seen as a _______ and we can free ourselves through _________

A

Prison, contemplation

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27
Q

Entails communion of the mind with universal and eternal ideas

A

Contemplation

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28
Q

What did Rene Descartes say?

A

“I think; therefore I am”

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29
Q

“I think; therefore I am”

A

“Cogito ergo sum”

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30
Q

“I think; therefore I am” emphasizes?

A

consciousness of mind, evidence of existence even though existence is doubt

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31
Q

How does Descartes think of the mind and body?

A

Separate and distinct, but they causally act upon each other

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32
Q

For Descartes, ________ precedes _______

A

thought, action

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33
Q

For Descartes, the self is a _______ thing

A

thinking

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34
Q

What did John Locke say?

A

“What worries you, masters you.”

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35
Q

John Locke included the concept of _____ in the definition of the self.

A

person’s memory

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36
Q

Explain self according to Locke.

A

We are the same person as we were in the past for as long as we can remember something from that past.

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37
Q

For Locke, ________ is the perception of what passes in a man’s mind.

A

consciousness

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38
Q

For Locke, personal identity is in one’s

A

consciousness

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39
Q

How does it happen that there is same soul but different person according to Locke?

A

Consciousness may be lost involuntarily through forgetfulness while the soul stays the same. Thus, the same soul is unnecessary or insufficient in forming one’s identity over time when consciousness is lost.

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40
Q

A concept that posits everyone started as a blank slate, and the content is provided by one’s experiences over time.

A

tabula rasa

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41
Q

What did David Hume say?

A

“There is no self.”

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42
Q

For Hume, the self is a complex set of successive ________

A

impressions or perceptions

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43
Q

Hume views the soul as a product of the ______

A

imagination

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44
Q

____________ are those things we perceive through our senses as we experience them, while ________ are those we create in our minds even though we are no longer experiencing them.

A

Impressions, ideas

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45
Q

What is a fiction according to Hume?

A

enduring self

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46
Q

Why is there no self?

A

We cannot observe any permanent self because we continuously change.

47
Q

What did Immanuel Kant say?

A

“Dare to know!”

48
Q

Comprised of one’s psychological state and intellect

A

inner sense

49
Q

Consists of one’s senses and the physical world

A

outer sense

50
Q

Kant referred _________ as consciousness of oneself and of one’s psychological state.

A

empirical self-consciousness

51
Q

Kant referred _______ as consciousness of oneself and of one’s state via acts of apperception.

A

transcendental apperception

52
Q

Kant believes that man is a _______

A

free agent, gifted with reason and free will

53
Q

Kant’s philosophy revolves around ______

A

inherent dignity of a human being

54
Q

For Kant, knowledge is acquired through __________

A

experiences

55
Q

What did Sigmund Freud say?

A

“The ego is not the master in its own house.”

56
Q

What is Sigmund’s theory that contribute to psychology?

A

Psychoanalytic Theory

57
Q

What is Sigmund’s idea?

A

tripartite division of man’s mind – the id, ego, and superego

58
Q

It has existed since birth, pertaining to instinct. It operates on the hedonistic or pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification and avoiding pain.

A

Id

59
Q

Maintain equilibrium between the demands of the id and superego in accordance with what is best and practical in reality

A

Ego

60
Q

Ego operates according to what principle?

A

Reality

61
Q

The reservoir of moral standards, ensures compliance with society’s norms, values, and standards.

A

Superego

62
Q

What did Gilbert Ryle say?

A

“I act; therefore I am.”

63
Q

Gilbert Ryle supported the basic notions of _______ psychology

A

behavioristic

64
Q

Theory of mind that states that mental concepts can be understood through observable events

A

Logical behaviorism/Analytical behaviorism

65
Q

What did Paul and Patricia Churchland say?

A

“The self is the brain.”

66
Q

A radical claim that ordinary, common sense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not exist.

A

eliminative materialism

67
Q

Explain Churchland’s ideas about our self.

A

Common sense psychology is not the capacity to explain people’s mental states.
Our moods, emotions, actions, and consciousness, are deeply affected by the state of our brain.

68
Q

Churchland proposed a new conceptual framework should be made based on ________

A

neuroscience

69
Q

What did Maurice Merleau-Ponty say?

A

“I am my body.”

70
Q

The ________ body, as lived and experienced, and the __________ body, as observed and scientifically investigated.

A

subjective, objective

71
Q

Merleau-Ponty regarded the self as _________

A

embodied subjectivity

72
Q

Explain human being according to Maurice

A

As living creatures whose subjectivity (consciousness) is actualized in the forms of their physical involvement with the world.

73
Q

For Maurice, a person is defined by ______ and _______

A

movement, expression

74
Q

Maurice opposed what?

A

dualist account of subjectivity and Cartesian cogito

75
Q

Social Self (person)

A

George Herbert Mead

76
Q

What is the two parts of the self according to Mead?

A

Self-awareness, self-image

77
Q

Process in which one takes on the role of the other by putting oneself in the position of the person with whom he/she interacts

A

Role Playing

78
Q

Child imitates behavior of parents

A

Imitation Stage

79
Q

Child playing the role of others

A

Play Stage

80
Q

Child comes to see self in their roles from perspective of other people

A

Game Stage

81
Q

Subjective, unsocialized, spontaneous, acting part of the self, free and unique

A

I

82
Q

Objective, conventional, self that results from the progressive stages of role playing and role-taking and the perspective one assumes to view and analyze one’s own behaviors

A

Me

83
Q

An organized community or social group which gives the individual his/her identity

A

Generalized Others

84
Q

Social psychological concept that views the self as something developed by one’s perceptions of other people’s opinions

A

Looking Glass Theory

85
Q

Private, Public, & Collective Self (person)

A

Harry Triandis

86
Q

Cognition that involves traits, states, and behaviors, assessment of self by the self

A

Private Self

87
Q

Cognition concerning the generalized other’s view of the self

A

Public Self

88
Q

Cognition concerning a view of the self found in memberships in social groups

A

Collective Self

89
Q

The person’s sense of who he/she is according to his/her membership to a certain group

A

Social Identity Theory

90
Q

Social Identity Theory (person)

A

Henri Tajfel & William Sumner

91
Q

Esteemed social group commanding a member’s loyalty where a person belongs

A

In-group

92
Q

A scorned social group to which one feels competition or opposition, person does not belong

A

Out-group

93
Q

People learn things about themselves by knowing
what category they belong to

A

Social Categorization

94
Q

People adopt the identity of the group to which they have categorized themselves

A

Social Identification

95
Q

Comparing their groups with other groups

A

Social Comparison

96
Q

Self is not an entity but a process that orchestrates an individual’s personal experience

A

Anthropology of the Self

97
Q

Anthropology of the Self (person)

A

Brian Morris

98
Q

Regarded self as the “society of mind”

A

Dialogical Self

99
Q

Dialogical Self

A

Hubert Hermans

100
Q

How one functions in himself (e.g empathic, diligent)

A

Internal I-position

101
Q

How one identifies himself on external factors (e.g brother, student)

A

External I-position

102
Q

Characterized by constant connection to others, absorbs many voices

A

Saturated Self

103
Q

Saturated Self (person)

A

Kenneth Gergen

104
Q

Splitting self into many options

A

Multiphrenia

105
Q

Self does not exist at birth; it is developed gradually during childhood, wherein one differentiates the self from the non-self

A

Humanistic Theory

106
Q

Humanistic Theory (person)

A

Carl Rogers

107
Q

The product of early experience, a mask or a persona, a form of defense that continually seeks to anticipate others’ demands and comply with them to protect the true self from a world that is felt unsafe

A

False Self

108
Q

Based on authentic experience, flourishes in infancy if the mother responds positively to the child’s spontaneous expressions.

A

True Self

109
Q

True Self and False Self (person)

A

Donald Woods Winnicott

110
Q

Capable of intentionally influencing one’s own functionality and life circumstances.

A

Agent

111
Q

Human being as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing, and managing their actions, free to decide for themselves.

A

Human agency

112
Q

Agentic Theory of the Self

A

Albert Bandura

113
Q

How an individual forms intentions with action plans and strategies to realize them.

A

Intentionality

114
Q

How individuals position their goals in the future and visualize themselves in a future state of existence, ensuring that plans can anticipate possible opportunities or roadblocks

A

Forethought

115
Q

Shows that agents are planners, forethinkers, and self-regulators. This includes adopting personal standards, constructing appropriate courses of action, monitoring activities, and regulating them using self-reactions

A

Self-reactiveness

116
Q

Signifies that people can self-examine their functioning

A

Self-reflection

Prelims (6 decks)

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