PHI short Final

Question 1

What are the main elements of Hegel’s dialectical process?

Answer 1

Thesis, antithesis, synthesis

Question 2

What is the epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge?

Answer 2

Rationalism

Question 3

According to Callicles, who has the natural right to dominate others?

Answer 3

The superior and powerful individual

Question 4

According to Kant, what is the source of morality?

Answer 4

The capacity for reason

Question 5

According to our text, Mill argued that the principle cause of unhappiness is…

Answer 5

Selfishness

Question 6

(true or false) According to our text, Protagoras thought that behaving in a conventional way affords us the most social power.

Answer 6

true, he believe it affords us the most social power.

Question 7

According to our text, what is a skeptic?

Answer 7

A person who demands clear, observable, undoubtable, evidence based on experience.

Question 8

(true or false) According to our textbook, Aquinas’s impact is only relevant to the Catholic Church.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Berkeley was an idealist. This means that…

Answer 9

the material world does not exist, only ideas exis

Question 10

By the end of his life, James equated truth with what?

Answer 10

Usefulness

Question 11

For Aristotle, what are the three types of soul?

Answer 11

vegetative, sensitive, rational

Question 12

(true or false) For Plato, the Forms are simply ideas in our imagination.

Answer 12

False, Plato did not believe Forms are simply ideas in our imagination.

Question 13

For Plato, what are the three parts of the soul?

Answer 13

reason, spirit, appetite

Question 14

Kierkegaard saw himself as a disciple of whom?

Answer 14

A disciple of Socrates

Question 15

Metaphysics

Answer 15

The study of “ultimate reality”

Question 16

Epistemology

Answer 16

The study of knowledge

Question 17

Philosophy

Answer 17

The love of wisdom

Question 18

Ethics

Answer 18

The study of moral problems

Question 19

Social and Political philosophy

Answer 19

The study of the nature and origins of government and its affects on society.

Question 20

Logic

Answer 20

The study of the rules of correct reasoning.

Question 21

Aesthetics

Answer 21

The study of values, particularly art and beauty

Question 22

Believed that water is the basic substance of all things

Answer 22

Thales

Question 23

Thought that particular “stuffs” emerged in pairs of opposites (hot-cold, dry-wet, hard-soft, etc.)

Answer 23

Anaximander

Question 24

Believed that the first, universal, underlying element is air, or pneuma.

Answer 24

Anaximenes

Question 25

He said, “Change alone is unchanging.” Traditionally, it has been held that he went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time.

Answer 25

Heraclitus

Question 26

A monist who characterized the one real thing that underlies all reality as “being.” Also taught that change is only an appearance. In reality, there is no change.

Answer 26

Parmenides

Question 27

Concluded that reality must be “completely full,” or a plenum without any gaps. Change comes form the two basic motions of love and strife.

Answer 27

Empedocles

Question 28

Believed that change comes from Nous, or the “all-pervading Mind which imposes (brings about) an intelligible pattern in an otherwise unintelligible universe”

Answer 28

Anaxagoras

Question 29

Taught that things come into existence when atoms combine in certain ways, and they go out of existence when their parts or atoms separate.

Answer 29

Democritus

Question 30

What are Aristotle’s four causes?

Answer 30

material, formal, efficient, final

Question 31

What are Kant’s three transcendental ideas?

Answer 31

Self, Cosmos, and God

Question 32

What is Kant’s categorical imperative?

Answer 32

Act as if the maxim of your action were to become universal law

Question 33

What is Kantian formalism?

Answer 33

The idea that knowledge is the result of an interaction between the mind and sensation

Question 34

What is Locke’s idea of the “tabula rasa?”

Answer 34

The idea that our mind at birth was a completely blank tablet

Question 35

What is empiricism?

Answer 35

The epistemological position that all ideas can be traced back to sense data.

Question 36

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 36

The idea that one’s own way is superior to all others

Question 37

What is existentialism?

Answer 37

any philosophy that asserts that the most important philosophical matters involve fundamental questions of meaning and choice as they affect actual individuals

Question 38

What is hedonism?

Answer 38

The philosophy that pleasure is the principle motive for living and that pleasure is always good

Question 39

What is nihilism?

Answer 39

The belief that the universe lacks objective meaning and purpose

Question 40

What is one of the main questions asked in the pragmatic method?

Answer 40

What practical difference does it make to me?

Question 41

What is an example of an ‘a priori’ idea?

Answer 41

Triangles have three sides

Question 42

Which one of the following is referred to as Kant’s practical imperative?

Answer 42

Act in such a way that you always treat people as ends, never as means to an end

Question 43

According to Aquinas, what is evil?

Answer 43

Both A(Lack of goodness) and B(A necessary product of free will)

Question 44

According to Aquinas, what is the chief and only reliable source of knowledge of God and God’s ways?

Answer 44

Revelation

Question 45

According to Descartes, what is the only reliable way to discover the truth about the universe?

Answer 45

Through a mathematically precise method

Question 46

According to Marx, alienation results from what?

Answer 46

the transformation of a human being into a commodity

Question 47

For Marx, the main problems of society were…

Answer 47

economic