PHI short Final Flashcards
What are the main elements of Hegel’s dialectical process?
Thesis, antithesis, synthesis
What is the epistemological position in which reason is said to be the primary source of all knowledge?
Rationalism
According to Callicles, who has the natural right to dominate others?
The superior and powerful individual
According to Kant, what is the source of morality?
The capacity for reason
According to our text, Mill argued that the principle cause of unhappiness is…
Selfishness
(true or false) According to our text, Protagoras thought that behaving in a conventional way affords us the most social power.
true, he believe it affords us the most social power.
According to our text, what is a skeptic?
A person who demands clear, observable, undoubtable, evidence based on experience.
(true or false) According to our textbook, Aquinas’s impact is only relevant to the Catholic Church.
False
Berkeley was an idealist. This means that…
the material world does not exist, only ideas exis
By the end of his life, James equated truth with what?
Usefulness
For Aristotle, what are the three types of soul?
vegetative, sensitive, rational
(true or false) For Plato, the Forms are simply ideas in our imagination.
False, Plato did not believe Forms are simply ideas in our imagination.
For Plato, what are the three parts of the soul?
reason, spirit, appetite
Kierkegaard saw himself as a disciple of whom?
A disciple of Socrates
Metaphysics
The study of “ultimate reality”
Epistemology
The study of knowledge
Philosophy
The love of wisdom
Ethics
The study of moral problems
Social and Political philosophy
The study of the nature and origins of government and its affects on society.
Logic
The study of the rules of correct reasoning.
Aesthetics
The study of values, particularly art and beauty
Believed that water is the basic substance of all things
Thales
Thought that particular “stuffs” emerged in pairs of opposites (hot-cold, dry-wet, hard-soft, etc.)
Anaximander
Believed that the first, universal, underlying element is air, or pneuma.
Anaximenes
He said, “Change alone is unchanging.” Traditionally, it has been held that he went so far as to claim that everything is always changing all the time.
Heraclitus
A monist who characterized the one real thing that underlies all reality as “being.” Also taught that change is only an appearance. In reality, there is no change.
Parmenides
Concluded that reality must be “completely full,” or a plenum without any gaps. Change comes form the two basic motions of love and strife.
Empedocles
Believed that change comes from Nous, or the “all-pervading Mind which imposes (brings about) an intelligible pattern in an otherwise unintelligible universe”
Anaxagoras
Taught that things come into existence when atoms combine in certain ways, and they go out of existence when their parts or atoms separate.
Democritus
What are Aristotle’s four causes?
material, formal, efficient, final
What are Kant’s three transcendental ideas?
Self, Cosmos, and God
What is Kant’s categorical imperative?
Act as if the maxim of your action were to become universal law
What is Kantian formalism?
The idea that knowledge is the result of an interaction between the mind and sensation
What is Locke’s idea of the “tabula rasa?”
The idea that our mind at birth was a completely blank tablet
What is empiricism?
The epistemological position that all ideas can be traced back to sense data.
What is ethnocentrism?
The idea that one’s own way is superior to all others
What is existentialism?
any philosophy that asserts that the most important philosophical matters involve fundamental questions of meaning and choice as they affect actual individuals
What is hedonism?
The philosophy that pleasure is the principle motive for living and that pleasure is always good
What is nihilism?
The belief that the universe lacks objective meaning and purpose
What is one of the main questions asked in the pragmatic method?
What practical difference does it make to me?
What is an example of an ‘a priori’ idea?
Triangles have three sides
Which one of the following is referred to as Kant’s practical imperative?
Act in such a way that you always treat people as ends, never as means to an end
According to Aquinas, what is evil?
Both A(Lack of goodness) and B(A necessary product of free will)
According to Aquinas, what is the chief and only reliable source of knowledge of God and God’s ways?
Revelation
According to Descartes, what is the only reliable way to discover the truth about the universe?
Through a mathematically precise method
According to Marx, alienation results from what?
the transformation of a human being into a commodity
For Marx, the main problems of society were…
economic
