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ANP 1107 > Phases of gastric secretion > Flashcards

Phases of gastric secretion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic, Gastric, intestinal

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2
Q

What is the composition of bile and how much is produced a day?

A

Yellow/green - alkaline
- bile salts
- pigments
- cholesterol
- neutral fats
- phospholipids
- electrolytes

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3
Q

What are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid?

A

2 principle bile salts

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3
Q

What is bilirubin and how does intestinal bacteria affect it?

A

main bile pigment (waste product of hemoglobin)
- converts bilirubin into stercobilin (feces brown color)

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4
Q

What is the liver’s role in digestion?

A

produces bile (a cholesterol derivative)

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4
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

a storage organ for bile
- contracts to release bile

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4
Q

What is bile and why is it needed?

A

is a fat emulsifier
- breaking fat down into easier absorbable portions

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5
Q

What is the meaning of amphipathic?

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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6
Q

What happens when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed?

A

digestion is not occurring
- bile back up through cystic duct and is stored in gallbladder

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6
Q

How does the muscular walls affect the gallbladder?

A

releases bile into the duodenum
- bile expelled into cystic duct the bile duct

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7
Q

What is the major stimulus of gallbladder contractions?

A

CCK

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8
Q

What is CCK secreted by and what does it respond to?

A

small intestine, lipids and peptides

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8
Q

What are the 2 main hormones that regulate bile in the small intestine?

A

secretin and CCK

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9
Q

What is the role of CCK?

A

stimulates gallbladder contractions
- stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
- relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter

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10
Q

How are bile salt conserved?

A

recycling (90-95%) through the enterohepatic circulation

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10
Q

What is the function of the ileum when it comes to bile transportation?

A

ileum (bile transporter reabsorbs 95% of bile salts) to blood to liver (via hepatic portal vein) to new bile

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11
Q

What are gallstones and why are they painful?

A

They are sharp and in gallbladder/ ducts. When we release bile (the liver contracts) the gallbladder touch the sharp sides

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12
Q

What is obstructive jaundice? And what are other causes of jaundice?

A

It’s caused by excess bilirubin
- the gallstones block the duct causing bilirubin and bile build up
- Alcoholism, fatty liver disease, hepatitis

12
Q

What are the treatments of gallstones and what is its effect?

A

removing the gallbladder
- causes common bile duct to expand to hold more bile

12
Q

What is acini and what do they mediate?

A

secretory acinar cells clustered around ducts
- mediate exocrine function of pancreas

12
Q

What are the 4 basic types of enzymes needed to digest food?

A
  • DNA/ RNA
  • protein
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
13
Q

What is the composition of pancreatic juice and what is the function of its alkalinity?

A

1200-1500 ml/day
- water + electrolytes (bicarb; pH8) + enzymes
- i) neutralize acidic chyme ii) create optimal pH for intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

14
Q

What is a precursor form and what enzyme is released in that form?

A

an inactive form (activated once in the duodenum)
- proteolytic enzymes

15
Q

What form is amylase, lipase and nucleases in?

A

active form but require ions or bile for optimal activity

16
Q

What class are membrane-bound enteropeptidase in?

A

brush border enzymes

16
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in a gastric gland?

A

Parietal (secretes HCl and intrinsic factor) + chief cells (secrete pepsinogen) + enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones and paracrines)

17
Q

What is the function of secretin and what’s it triggered by?

A

stimulates pancreatic duct cells to secrete bicarb-rich juice
- acidic chyme

18
Q

What is the function of CCK of the pancreas and what’s it triggered by?

A

stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to secrete enzyme-rich juice
- proteins and lipids

19
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect secretion?

A

vagal stimulation of secretory activity
- primarily during cephalic and gastric secretion

19
Q

What are the 2 regulations of pancreatic secretion?

A

secretin and CCK

20
Q

Where are most enzymes manufactured in the intestine?

A

brush border enzymes

21
Q

What are most intestinal juices made of?

A

water + mucus

21
Q

What are the requirements for optimal intestinal digestive activity?

A

i) optimal liver & pancreatic function and ii) regulated chyme delivery to stomach
- neutralize stomach HCl and contents of stomach are hypertonic

21
Q

What is segmentation and what is it initiated by?

A

contractions of smooth tissue in small intestine for digestion
- intrinsic pacemaker cells in circular muscle

22
Q

What is the pace of segmentation in the duodenum and ileum and why is one faster?

A

duodenum (12-14/ min), ileum (8-9/ min)
- duodenum at top faster to push food down

22
Q

What determines the intensity of segmentation?

A

long and short reflexes and hormones

23
Q

What is the function of motilin?

A

initiates peristalsis starting in proximal duodenum

23
Q

What do ileal motility (increases) and ileocecal sphincter (relaxes) respond to?

A

i) gastroileal reflex (initiated by stomach; long reflex) ii) gastrin

24
Q

What are the important hormones and paracrines?

A

CCK
- gastrin
- histamine
- intestinal gastrin
- motilin
- secretin
- somatostatin

25
Q

What is a catabolic reaction and what is the most important process called?

A

chemical digestion
- hydrolysis (water + breakdown)

25
Q

What are the monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

26
Q

What monosaccharide makes sucrose, lactose and maltose?

A

S - glucose + fructose
L - glucose + galactose
M - glucose + glucose

27
Q

What are the 3 digestive enzymes of carbohydrates?

A

salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and intestinal brush border enzymes

ANP 1107 (7 decks)

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