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ANP 1107 > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major types of cells found in the mucosal epithelium of the villi and crypts?

A
  • enterocytes
  • goblet cells
  • enteroendocrine
  • paneth cells
  • stem cells
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2
Q

What are enterocytes and what is their function?

A

simple columnar absorptive cells found in the villi and crypts
- absorb nutrients and electrolytes in the villi and secrete intestinal juice in the crypts

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3
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

mucus secreting-cells found in crypts and villi

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3
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete and where are they located?

A

secrete enterogastrones
- found mostly in crypts but also in villi

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4
Q

What are Paneth cells and what is their role?

A

specialized secretory cells found in the crypts that release antimicrobial agents (lysosomes) to help protect intestines and regulate bacterial colonization

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4
Q

What is the function of the falciform ligament between the right and left lobe of the liver?

A

attaches liver to diaphragm and abdominal wall

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5
Q

What is the role of stem cells in the intestinal epithelium?

A

continuously divide and differentiate into all cell types in the epithelium (every 3-5 days)

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6
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

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6
Q

What happens to enterocytes at the tips of the villi?

A

undergo apoptosis and are shed, renewing the epithelium every 3-5 days.

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7
Q

What is the round ligament of the liver?

A

a remnant from the umbilical vein

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8
Q

Where is the location of the gallbladder and what does it produce?

A

inferior surface of right lobe of liver
- bile

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9
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

hexagonal lobules which has a hepatocytes from a central vein

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10
Q

What is the portal triad of the liver?

A
  • arteriole (branch of the hepatic artery)
  • portal venule
  • bile duct
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10
Q

How does blood flow through the hepatic lobule?

A

venous blood flows through the liver sinusoids, where it bathes hepatocytes, them in collected by the central vein and hepatic veins before emptying into the vena cava

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11
Q

How is bile transported in the liver?

A

bile is produced by hepatocytes, drains through canaliculi opposite to blood flow, and is collected by the bile duct

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12
Q

How does bile exit the liver?

A

multiple bile ducts that fuse to form the common hepatic duct
- joins with cystic ducts from the gallbladder

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13
Q

What are the main functions of hepatocytes?

A
  1. process nutrients, store glycogen, synthesize plasma protein
  2. store fat-soluble vitamins
  3. detoxify blood
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13
Q

Where does the bile duct empty?

A

fuse with the main pancreatic duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which then enters the duodenum

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the gallbladder?

A

thin-walled, green muscular sac about 10 cm long that store and concentrates bile to be secreted into the duodenum

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14
Q

What does bile contain?

A

alkali substances such as bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and electrolytes

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14
Q

What is the pancreas and its function?

A

tadpole-shaped gland that extends across the abdomen
- pancreatic juices containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonates

15
Q

What is the function of bile salts and phospholipids and what are gallstones?

A

emulsify lipids
- are crystalized cholesterol which is caused by an imbalance in cholesterol since there is too much cholesterol and not enough bile salt to suspend it

16
Q

Why are digestive enzymes stored in zymogen granules in the pancreas?

A

stored in acinar cells to prevent them from digesting the pancreas itself before being secreted into the duodenum

17
Q

Why do acinar cell in the pancreas have abundant RER?

A

to synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes

17
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)?

A

secrete insulin and glucagon

17
Q

What is the difference between acinar cells and duct cells in what they secrete?

A

A: enzymes
D : HCO3 and H20

18
Q

Where does the large intestine extend to and what is its main functions?

A

from ileocecal valve to anus (1.5 m)
- absorbs water from indigestible food residues
- eliminates rest as feces

18
Q

What are the 3 features of the large intestine?

A
  1. longitudinal muscle layer reduced to 3 bands call teniae coli
  2. teniae coli tone causes the wall to pucker into haustra (buldges)
  3. epiploic appendages: small fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum on the surface
18
Q

What are epiploic appendages, and what is their function?

A

small fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum hanging from the surface of the large intestine
- unknown function

19
Q

What are the regions of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum (blind pouch)
  • appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
19
Q

What is the vermiform appendix, and why is it important?

A

a blind, wormlike structure attached to the cecum
- contains lymphoid tissue and can accumulate bacteria (appendicitis)

20
Q

How is the colon structured?

A
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
    all retroperitoneal except transverse and sigmoid
21
Q

What happens when the superficial venous plexuses associated with the anal canal becomes inflamed?

A

leads to hemorrhoids

21
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

external to abdominopelvic cavity
- involuntary internal anal sphincter and voluntary external sphincter

22
Q

How is the rectum and anal canal different from the rest of the large intestine?

A
  • doesn’t have haustra
  • have well-developed muscular layers to expel feces
23
Q

What is the epithelial of the large intestine and anal canal?

A

LI - mucosa is simple columnar epithelium
AC - stratified squamous epithelium (resist abrasion)

both abundant with crypts with goblet cells

24
Q

What are the 6 essential processes of digestion?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical breakdown
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
25
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking in of food into the digestive tract, typically via the mouth.

26
Q

What is propulsion in the digestive process?

A

the mechanical process of moving food through the alimentary canal
- starts with swallowing and continues with peristalsis

27
Q

How does peristalsis work in the digestive tract?

A

waves of smooth muscle contractions that move food in one direction
- helps mix food

28
Q

What is mechanical breakdown in digestion?

A

the physical process that prepares food for chemical or enzymatic digestion
- begins with chewing

29
Q

What is segmentation, and how does it contribute to digestion?

A

a process that mixes food with digestive juices and moves different parts of the food mass over the intestinal mucosa to increase absorption

30
Q

What is digestion and what role do enzymes play?

A

the catabolic breakdown of complex food molecules into basic building blocks
- relies on enzymes (secreted into lumen of alimentary canal or found on intestinal mucosa)
- mouth: amylase

31
Q

What is absorption in the digestive process?

A

digested end products, vitamins, minerals, and water pass from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal lining into the blood or lymph
- most absorption in small intestine

32
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of fecal matter from the body via the anus

33
Q

What role do regulatory mechanisms play in digestion and absorption?

A

create optimal conditions in the GI lumen for both digestion and absorption of the products of digestion

34
Q

What types of regulatory stimuli exist in the GI tract?

A

Mechanoreceptors: stretch of organ walls
Osmoreceptors: osmolarity
Chemoreceptors: substances and end-products of digestion

35
Q

What do these stimuli activate in the GI tract?

A

reflexes causing:
- altered secretion of digestive juices/ enzymes or hormones
- changes in the mixing and propulsion of GI contents

36
Q

What are the two types of nerve reflex activity in GI regulation?

A

Short reflexes: mediated by local plexuses in response to GI tract stimuli (intrinsic)
Long reflexes: triggered by extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli, involving CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves

37
Q

What are the functions of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses in the GI tract?

A

Reflexes typically converge on the submucosal plexus and/or myenteric plexus
- regulate events such as secretion, muscle contraction, and propulsion in the GI tract.

38
Q

How does the enteric nervous system regulate smooth muscle activity?

A
  • Smooth muscle excitation is caused by acetylcholine or substance P.
  • Smooth muscle inhibition occurs through vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or nitric oxide (NO).
39
Q

How do hormones contribute to GI regulation?

A

Hormones in the stomach and small intestine respond to local chemical factors, nerve signals, or stretch, and may act locally or travel through the bloodstream to influence secretory or contractile activity in adjacent organs.

ANP 1107 (7 decks)

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