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ANP 1107 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

Contain information about membrane, glands and teeth

1
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic salivary glands and 1 intrinsic gland?

A
  • parotid glands
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual glands
  • buccal glands
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2
Q

What is the difference between the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and their duct locations?

A

P - anterior to the ear between masseter muscle and skin
- parotid duct enters vestibule next to 2nd molar, upper jaw
SM - along medial aspect of mandible
- duct runs beneath mucosa of oral cavity floor - opens at base of lingual
SL - under tongue - anterior to submandibular glands
- ducts on floor of mouth

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3
Q

What is the buccal gland and what is unique about it?

A

inside the oral cavity
- not regulated; always leaking

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of secretory cells in the salivary glands?

A
  • serous (watery secretion)
  • mucous (think mucin secretion)
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5
Q

What is the difference between incisors, canines and premolars?

A

I - chisel-shaped for cutting
C - conical for tearing, piercing
PM - bicuspids and molar (4-5 cusps) - grinding, crushing

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6
Q

What is the difference between primary dentition and permanent teeth?

A

PD - also called deciduous, milk or baby teeth (total = 20)
PT - larger, deeper roots all but 3rd molar appear at the end of adolescents (total = 32)

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7
Q

What is the dental formula: permanent dentition?

A

a way to identify teeth ex.
2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M (upper jaw)
2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M (lower jaw)

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8
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the tooth?

A
  • crown
  • root
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9
Q

What is the structure/ location of the tooth and what happens if the enamel producing cells degrade?

A

above gingiva, covered in enamel (ca2+)
- since the cell that makes enamel disappears at birth, we need to go to the dentist to fix damaged enamel

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10
Q

Where is the location of the teeth root and how many are there for each type?

A

in the jawbone
- 1 root for I, C and PM (only 1st upper PM - usually 2)
- 2-3 for M

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11
Q

What is the composition of the root and what does it attach the tooth to?

A

outer surface covered by calcified connective tissue (cement)
- attaches tooth to periodontal ligament

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12
Q

What does gingiva attach to and what happens with age?

A

enamel
- recedes to sensitive cement

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13
Q

What is inside the pulp cavity?

A
  • cell bodies of odontoblasts
  • connective tissue
  • blood vessels
  • nerve fibers
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14
Q

What does the pulp cavity extend to?

A

root canal

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15
Q

What is similar between enamel, dentin, and cement and which ones contain collagen?

A

calcification and resembles bone, but is avascular
- cement and dentin

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16
Q

What are cavities, dental plaque and periodontal disease?

A
  • holes in the enamel
  • accumulation of bacteria (biofilm)
  • first sign is gingivitis which can be caused by calculus
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17
Q

What is the epithelium of the pharynx and what is the muscle that attaches to it?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • pharyngeal muscle = skeletal muscles
18
Q

Where does the esophagus attach to the stomach, what is important about the sphincter and what is it supported by?

A
  • cardinal orifice
  • gastroesophageal sphincter (physiological sphincter)
  • diaphragm also supports sphincter
19
Q

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter not regulated by?

A

it is not regulated by thickening of muscles like the pyloric sphincter

20
Q

What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. adventitia
21
Q

What type of epithelia makes up the mucosa and how does it change in response to opening and closing?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells
- submucosa folds when esophagus empty
- folds flatten during food transit

22
Q

What does the submucosa contain in the esophagus?

A

mucus-secreting esophageal glands

23
Q

What type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa?

A
  • skeletal muscle in upper 1/3
  • smooth muscle in lower 2/3
24
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

initiation of protein digestion and converts contents to chyme

25
Q

What is different in the esophagus?

A

fibrous adventitia instead of slippery serosa

26
Q

Gross anatomy - What are the regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric region
27
Q

What is the role of the 3 types of muscularis externa in stomach?

A

Longitudinal layer - shortens the length
Circular layer - prevents food moving backwards
Oblique layer - wrapping around

28
Q

What are the 3 structures in the pyloric region starting from the inner stomach?

A
  1. pyloric antrum
  2. pyloric canal
  3. pyloric sphincter
29
Q

What is rugae and how does it help the stomach?

A

small folds which allows stomach to expand

29
Q

What is a unique feature of the muscularis externa of the stomach and what does this enable the stomach to do?

A

the oblique layer twists on itself

29
Q

What structures of the epithelium of the stomach contain and what does it produce?

A
  • goblet cells (produce mucous)
  • bicarbonate- rich layer
  • gastric pit (gastric juices - acidic)
29
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that make up the gastric pit in the stomach lining and what do they produce?

A
  1. parietal cells
  2. chief cells
  3. enteroendocrine cells
30
Q

Stomach - What is the difference between parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells?

A
  1. PC: HCL and intrinsic factor (absorb VB12)
  2. CC: pepsinogen (protein digester)
  3. EC: hormones (gastrin, histamine, serotonin, somatostatin)
30
Q

Stomach - where are mucous neck cells located and what do they produce?

A

at neck of glands
- produce different types of mucin (acidic) for unknown reason

31
Q

Why is the lumen of the stomach a harsh environment?

A

contains high conc. of HCL and proteases

32
Q

What are the 3 ways the stomach protects itself?

A
  1. mucosal layer
  2. tight junctions to prevent leakage
  3. replacement of epithelial cells (they replace all of them, just incase some cells are damaged)
33
Q

What happens if the mucosal layer is damaged in the stomach?

A

ulcers
- peritonitis caused helicobacter pylori

34
Q

How does Helicobacter pylori contribute to ulcers and how it it treated?

A
  1. neutralizes HCL
  2. cause inflammation which damages tissue
  3. secretes cytotoxins - damage mucosa
  • antibiotics
35
Q

What is the small intestine responsible for?

A

absorption of virtually all nutrients and much of the water

36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine and their functions?

A
  • duodenum: shortest - harbors hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
  • jejunum: intraperitoneal
  • ileum: leads to large intestine - intraperitoneal
37
Q

What are the innervations of the small intestine when it comes to sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

S - thoracic splanchnic nerves
PS - vagus nerve

38
Q

What are the 3 important structural aspects to maximize absorption in the small intestine?

A
  1. circular folds: circular folds in mucosa and submucosa - increase SA and slows rate of passage
  2. villi: greatest absorption
  3. microvilli: brush boarder which increases SA to help break down into smallest unit with enzymes - ex. amino acids

ANP 1107 (7 decks)

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