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ANP 1107 > Chemical digestion > Flashcards

Chemical digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the digestion of carbs begin and what is the pH?

A
  • mouth: salivary amylase
  • 6.75 - 7
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2
Q

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach?

A

inactivates because of stomach acid

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3
Q

Where is most starch reduced to maltose?

A

in small intestine by pancreatic amylase

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3
Q

Which enzymes in the small intestine complete carbohydrate digestion?

A
  • dextranase
  • glucoamylase
  • maltase
  • sucrase
  • lactase
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4
Q

What are the main sources of protein in the diet?

A
  • dietary proteins (125g/day)
  • enzymes proteins (15-25 g/ day)
  • protein (15-25 g/day)
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5
Q

What do these proteolytic enzymes break protein down into?

A

free amino acids and some di- and tripeptides

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5
Q

What does pepsin break down in protein digestion?

A

pepsin cleaves peptide bonds
- tyrosine and phenylalanine

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6
Q

What proteolytic enzymes are involved in protein digestion in the small intestine?

A
  • pancreatic trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
  • aminopeptidase
  • dipeptidase
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6
Q

What enzymes from the pancreas digest nucleic acids?

A

RNAase and DNAase

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7
Q

Where does significant lipid digestion occur and what emulsifies it?

A

the small intestine

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7
Q

What enzymes break down triglycerides in lipids?

A

pancreatic lipase

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8
Q

What enters the large intestine at the end of the ileum?

A

some water, indigestible food materials (cellulose) and million of bacteria enter via the ileocecal valve

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9
Q

What are the products of triglyceride digestion?

A

fatty acids and glycerol/ 2 mono glycerides

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10
Q

How much food, drink and GI secretion enter the GI tract daily?

A

10L, but only 0.5 - 1 L reaches large intestine

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10
Q

What are the final products of nucleic acid digestion?

A

free bases, pentose sugars and phosphate ions

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10
Q

What do pancreatic nucleases break RNA and DNA into?

A

nucleotides

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11
Q

What enzymes in the small intestine further break down nucleotides?

A

nucleosidases and phosphatases

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12
Q

What are the final products of nucleic acid digestion absorbed?

A

absorbed through villi into the blood

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13
Q

What does it imply that mast digestion and absorption are complete by the time chyme reaches the ileum?

A

to recycle bile salts via portal circulation to the liver

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13
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

through common protein carriers using active transport linked to Na+

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14
Q

How does fructose and monosaccharides move into cells

A

by facilitated diffusion (no ATP required)

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15
Q

How are amino acids absorbed?

A

using several types of amino acids carriers, with secondary active transport linked to Na+

16
Q

How are di- and tripeptides absorbed?

A

actively transported into epithelial cells, then digested into single amino acids in the cytoplasm

17
Q

Why can infants sometime absorb whole proteins?

A

their intestinal mucosa is immature, lacking certain cellular structures
- can contribute to allergies

18
Q

What role do bile salts play in lipid absorption?

A

emulsify lipid and form micelles

19
Q

What are micelles?

A

small droplets formed from monoglycerides, glycerol and FFA, mixed with bile salts and lecithin

20
Q

How are lipids absorbed into cells?

A

micelle diffuse across the lipid bilayer of epithelial cells

21
Q

What are the implications in terms of absorption of most nutrients?

A

nutrients must go through the cells

22
Q

What happens to chylomicrons after formation?

A

extruded by exocytosis and enter lacteal/lymphatic system

23
Q

Where is lipid absorption usually complete?

A

the ileum

24
Q

What happens if bile secretion is disturbed?

A

lipid digestion and absorption are impaired

24
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) absorbed?

A

as part of micelles

25
Q

Why should fat-soluble vitamins be ingested with some fat?

A

to aid in absorption as part of micelles

26
Q

How are water soluble vitamins (B, C) absorbed?

A

easily. like mono and amino acids

27
Q

What is an exception in the absorption of water-soluble vitamins?

A

V B12, which requires intrinsic factor for absorption

28
Q

How is sodium absorbed?

A

is coupled with glucose and amino acid absorption

29
Q

How are anions absorbed?

A

follow the electrical gradient established by sodium

30
Q

How is cholride absorbed?

A

actively transported

31
Q

How is bicarbonate (HCO3-) transported?

A

Actively secreted into the lumen in exchange for chloride

31
Q

How is potassium absorbed?

A

simple diffusion in response to osmotic gradient (water absorption)

32
Q

What happens if water absorption is impaired?

A

potassium absorption is affects, leading to imbalances

33
Q

How is iron absorbed and transported?

A

actively though mucosal cells and binds to ferritin

34
Q

How is calcium and iron absorption regulated?

A

based on body’s needs, mostly through duodenum

35
Q

How much water enters and is absorbed the small intestine daily?

A

~9 L of water, mostly from GI tract secretions, enters the small intestine each day.
- 95%

36
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the large intestine?

A

only small amount, primarily resident bacteria

36
Q

How does water move in the small intestine?

A

freely in both directions, with active uptake of solutes directing water from chyme into enterocytes and blood

37
Q

How long does it take material to move through the large intestine?

A

12-24 hours

38
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

defecation; the large intestine is not essential for life

39
Q

How many species of bacteria are found in the large intestine?

A

700

40
Q

What are some functions of the bacteria flora in the large intestine?

A
  • fermentation of cellulose
  • producing acids and gases
  • synthesizing Vit B and K
40
Q

What happens to most bacteria entering the large intestine?

A

killed by HCL, lysozymes and proteases

41
Q

What does stool in the rectum consist of?

A
  • food residues
  • mucus
  • epi tissue
  • bacteria
  • water
41
Q

How does fiber in the diet affect colon motility?

A

increases the strength of colon contractions and softens stool

41
Q

How much food residue enters the cecum daily?

A

500 ml and 150 ml become feces

ANP 1107 (7 decks)

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