PHASE 2 GROSS PATH FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

how do you ID autolysis from necrosis

A

local areas of softening/pallor without surrounding inflammation (vs necrosis which has surrounding reaction)

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2
Q

how does putrefaction look

A

green-black discoloration of tissue

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3
Q

how does imbibition discolor tissues (2 scenarios)

A

1) RBC/Hb breakdown causes red discoloration
2) bile imbibition causes yellow-green-black discoloration

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4
Q

how does hypostatic congestion cause artifacts

A
  • reddening of down lung
  • reddening of viscera (ex. GI)
  • blanching due to contact with adjacent structures
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5
Q

what are normal characteristics of the heart and what is a common artifact

A

3:1 ratio of R to L ventricular free walls and 3:1 ratio of septum:L ventricular free wall; common artifact = buildup on the myocardium from pentobarbital

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6
Q

when is it normal to see fibrin

A

on the surface of the intestine in pigs

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7
Q

how can you ID the different regions of the stomach

A

fundus: contains rugae
pylorus: no rugae
esophagus: white mucosa

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8
Q

how can you ID postmortem fractures or other trauma

A

absence of inflammation or hemorrhage in the surrounding tissue

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9
Q

what are some unique aspects of the appearance of kidneys in the following species:
- dog
- cat
- horse

A

dog: outer parts of the cortex and medulla more pale than inner parts

cat: outer capsule has prominent BVs, cortex pale due to fat in the PCTs

horse: pasty white crystalline material in pelvis (and bladder) due to high calcium carbonate in urine

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10
Q

in gross pathology, we describe lesions in terms of

A

Location
Distribution
Size
Extend
Shape
Contour
Colour
Texture
Strength

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11
Q

what term is used to describe a lesion that extends all 4 layers of the intestine

A

transmural

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12
Q

what are the two opposites we use to describe distribution of a lesion

A

localized vs generalized and focal vs multifocal

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13
Q

how should you describe extent

A

as % of organ affected (especially if lung, liver or kidney as they are key indicators of functional significance)

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14
Q

what might a raised lesion imply

A

inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia, gas, fluid (edema, blood)

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15
Q

what might a depressed lesion imply

A

fibrosis, atrophy, necrosis

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16
Q

what might be caused by:
- focal reddening
- diffuse reddening

A

focal: hemorrhage
diffuse: congestion or hyperemia

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17
Q

what can cause a white lesion

A
  • inflammation
  • neoplasia
  • mineral
  • fibrosis
  • necrosis
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18
Q

what can cause a yellow lesion

A
  • pus (inflammation)
  • bilirubin
  • fat
  • fibrin
  • bile (yellow-green)w
19
Q

what can cause a green lesion

A
  • bile
  • eosinophilic inflammation
  • necrosis (gangrene)
  • algal/fungal infection
  • hemosiderin
  • putrefaction
20
Q

what can cause a black lesion

A
  • melanin
  • necrosis
  • blood
  • carbon or hydrogen sulfide
21
Q

what is the most consistent/reliable indicator of necrosis

A

friability

22
Q

what usually causes a tissue to become tougher than normal

A

fibrous scar tissue

23
Q

what are the types of inflammation

A

fibrinous, neutrophilic/suppurative, granulomatous

24
Q

what are the types of necrosis

A

coagulative, caseous, liquefactive

25
what are the 5 components of a morphologic diagnosis
1) chronicity 2) severity 3) distribution 4) pathologic process 5) tissue/organ
26
when do we not state severity or chronicity
neoplasms (just do distribution, pathologic process and location)
27
what is the progression of chronicity from shortest to longest
peracute, acute, subacute, chronic
28
what is the sequence of events in the development of disease
cause -> pathogenesis -> pathologic process -> lesion -> clinical signs
29
what is the pathological process implied by the following distribution of lung lesions: - cranioventral - caudodorsal
cranioventral: bronchopneumonia caudodorsal: interstitial pneumonia
30
what do we call a lesion in the white matter of the brain? what about the grey matter?
white: leukoencephalomalacia grey: polioencephalomalacia
31
what is a cause of leukoencephalomalacia? polioencephalomalacia?
leukoencephalomalacia: moldy corn polioencephalomalacia: sulfur toxicity
32
what causes a lesion in the epiphysis vs diaphysis
epiphysis: chronic arthritis, DJD diaphysis: hypertrophic osteopathy
33
random multifocal generally implies that the stimulus arrived via what route
hematogenous
34
what are examples of pathologic processes that can cause random multifocal distribution
neoplasia, necrosis, inflammation, hemorrhage, mineralization
35
what does a focal lesion imply
single point exposure to a damaging stimulus, a rare event occuring once, or lesion filling a single anatomical structure
36
what is the characteristic appearance (shape) of carcinomas
umbilicated
37
target lesions represent what 2 pathologic processes
1) central necrosis 2) peripheral rim of inflammation
38
what can cause raised surface contours
neoplastic cells, hyperplastic cells, inflammatory cells
39
in what tissues do infarcts appear red due to hemorrhage
lung, spleen, liver, adrenal gland
40
what causes nutmeg liver
chronic R heart failure
41
anytime a tissue is red bordering on black, what should be high on your differential list?
infarction (especially venous)
42
what is a way to describe the distribution of hepatic lipidosis
generalized zonal (do not forget to specify generalized as opposed to localized)
43
what is the most common way that joints in neonates get infected
hematogenous