PHASE 2 GROSS PATH FINAL

Question 1

how do you ID autolysis from necrosis

Answer 1

local areas of softening/pallor without surrounding inflammation (vs necrosis which has surrounding reaction)

Question 2

how does putrefaction look

Answer 2

green-black discoloration of tissue

Question 3

how does imbibition discolor tissues (2 scenarios)

Answer 3

1) RBC/Hb breakdown causes red discoloration
2) bile imbibition causes yellow-green-black discoloration

Question 4

how does hypostatic congestion cause artifacts

Answer 4

• reddening of down lung
• reddening of viscera (ex. GI)
• blanching due to contact with adjacent structures

Question 5

what are normal characteristics of the heart and what is a common artifact

Answer 5

3:1 ratio of R to L ventricular free walls and 3:1 ratio of septum:L ventricular free wall; common artifact = buildup on the myocardium from pentobarbital

Question 6

when is it normal to see fibrin

Answer 6

on the surface of the intestine in pigs

Question 7

how can you ID the different regions of the stomach

Answer 7

fundus: contains rugae
pylorus: no rugae
esophagus: white mucosa

Question 8

how can you ID postmortem fractures or other trauma

Answer 8

absence of inflammation or hemorrhage in the surrounding tissue

Question 9

what are some unique aspects of the appearance of kidneys in the following species:
- dog
- cat
- horse

Answer 9

dog: outer parts of the cortex and medulla more pale than inner parts

cat: outer capsule has prominent BVs, cortex pale due to fat in the PCTs

horse: pasty white crystalline material in pelvis (and bladder) due to high calcium carbonate in urine

Question 10

in gross pathology, we describe lesions in terms of

Answer 10

Location
Distribution
Size
Extend
Shape
Contour
Colour
Texture
Strength

Question 11

what term is used to describe a lesion that extends all 4 layers of the intestine

Answer 11

transmural

Question 12

what are the two opposites we use to describe distribution of a lesion

Answer 12

localized vs generalized and focal vs multifocal

Question 13

how should you describe extent

Answer 13

as % of organ affected (especially if lung, liver or kidney as they are key indicators of functional significance)

Question 14

what might a raised lesion imply

Answer 14

inflammation, hyperplasia, neoplasia, gas, fluid (edema, blood)

Question 15

what might a depressed lesion imply

Answer 15

fibrosis, atrophy, necrosis

Question 16

what might be caused by:
- focal reddening
- diffuse reddening

Answer 16

focal: hemorrhage
diffuse: congestion or hyperemia

Question 17

what can cause a white lesion

Answer 17

• inflammation
• neoplasia
• mineral
• fibrosis
• necrosis

Question 18

what can cause a yellow lesion

Answer 18

• pus (inflammation)
• bilirubin
• fat
• fibrin
• bile (yellow-green)w

Question 19

what can cause a green lesion

Answer 19

• bile
• eosinophilic inflammation
• necrosis (gangrene)
• algal/fungal infection
• hemosiderin
• putrefaction

Question 20

what can cause a black lesion

Answer 20

• melanin
• necrosis
• blood
• carbon or hydrogen sulfide

Question 21

what is the most consistent/reliable indicator of necrosis

Answer 21

friability

Question 22

what usually causes a tissue to become tougher than normal

Answer 22

fibrous scar tissue

Question 23

what are the types of inflammation

Answer 23

fibrinous, neutrophilic/suppurative, granulomatous

Question 24

what are the types of necrosis

Answer 24

coagulative, caseous, liquefactive

Question 25

what are the 5 components of a morphologic diagnosis

Answer 25

1) chronicity
2) severity
3) distribution
4) pathologic process
5) tissue/organ

Question 26

when do we not state severity or chronicity

Answer 26

neoplasms (just do distribution, pathologic process and location)

Question 27

what is the progression of chronicity from shortest to longest

Answer 27

peracute, acute, subacute, chronic

Question 28

what is the sequence of events in the development of disease

Answer 28

cause -> pathogenesis -> pathologic process -> lesion -> clinical signs

Question 29

what is the pathological process implied by the following distribution of lung lesions:
- cranioventral
- caudodorsal

Answer 29

cranioventral: bronchopneumonia
caudodorsal: interstitial pneumonia

Question 30

what do we call a lesion in the white matter of the brain? what about the grey matter?

Answer 30

white: leukoencephalomalacia
grey: polioencephalomalacia

Question 31

what is a cause of leukoencephalomalacia? polioencephalomalacia?

Answer 31

leukoencephalomalacia: moldy corn

polioencephalomalacia: sulfur toxicity

Question 32

what causes a lesion in the epiphysis vs diaphysis

Answer 32

epiphysis: chronic arthritis, DJD
diaphysis: hypertrophic osteopathy

Question 33

random multifocal generally implies that the stimulus arrived via what route

Answer 33

hematogenous

Question 34

what are examples of pathologic processes that can cause random multifocal distribution

Answer 34

neoplasia, necrosis, inflammation, hemorrhage, mineralization

Question 35

what does a focal lesion imply

Answer 35

single point exposure to a damaging stimulus, a rare event occuring once, or lesion filling a single anatomical structure

Question 36

what is the characteristic appearance (shape) of carcinomas

Answer 36

umbilicated

Question 37

target lesions represent what 2 pathologic processes

Answer 37

1) central necrosis
2) peripheral rim of inflammation

Question 38

what can cause raised surface contours

Answer 38

neoplastic cells, hyperplastic cells, inflammatory cells

Question 39

in what tissues do infarcts appear red due to hemorrhage

Answer 39

lung, spleen, liver, adrenal gland

Question 40

what causes nutmeg liver

Answer 40

chronic R heart failure

Question 41

anytime a tissue is red bordering on black, what should be high on your differential list?

Answer 41

infarction (especially venous)

Question 42

what is a way to describe the distribution of hepatic lipidosis

Answer 42

generalized zonal (do not forget to specify generalized as opposed to localized)

Question 43

what is the most common way that joints in neonates get infected

Answer 43

hematogenous