Cell Death and Perfusion Disorders I Flashcards
perfusion
passage of blood, a blood substrate, or other fluid through blood vessels or other natural channels in an organ or tissue
what happens in acute reversible cell injury
cell swelling
what happens in chronic reversible cell injury
intracellular accumulations (ex. bilirubin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin, hematoidin, hemiverdin, lipid, protein, glycogen, carbohydrates…)
types of necrosis
coagulative, caseous, liquifactive , gangrenous
causes of cell injury
- _____________ deficiency
- _____________ insults
- _____________ agents
- _____________ imbalances
- _____________ damage
- _____________ imbalance
- ____________, ____________, _____________
- _____________ dysfunction
- ______________
- oxygen deficiency
- physical insults
- infectious agents
- nutritional imbalances
- genetic damage
- workload imbalance
- chemicals, drugs, toxins
- immunological dysfunction
- aging
mechanisms of cell injury (4)
- ATP depletion
- disruption to biochemical pathways (especially protein synthesis)
- permeabilization of cell membranes
- damage to DNA
gross morphology of acute reversible cell injury
pallor, increased weight and volume of organ
microscopic morphology of acute cell injury
swollen, vacuolated, pale cytoplasm
what is a common mechanism of acute cell injury
ATP depletion and subsequent swelling due to ion pump failure
accumulation of what causes cell injury and death and is always bad
calcium
what is carbon accumulation called
anthracosis
what is accumulation of inhaled particles called
pneumoconiosis
where is glycogen normally found
hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
what causes glycogen to abnormally accumulate in liver
diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism
how does glycogen storage look histologically
feathery, vacuolated cytoplasm
gross appearance of hepatic lipidosis
yellow, greasy, friable liver
histologic appearance of hepatic lipidosis
swollen, vacuolated cytoplasm with nucleus pushed to periphery
how does protein look histologically
eosinophilic, hyaline droplets or granules
what commonly causes protein inclusions in cytoplasm
viral infection
how does amyloid look grossly
yellow, waxy
how does amyloid look histologically
homogenous, pale, eosinophilic
where does amyloid accumulate
extracellular space
metastatic vs dystrophic calcification
metastatic is increased serum calcium (hormone imbalances, nutritional imbalances, idiopathic) whereas dystrophic is dead/necrotic tissue
gross appearance of calcification
white, chalky, brittle/gritty
histologic appearance of calcification
basophilic
cause of fat saponification
pancreatitis
how does fat saponification during pancreatitis look
basophilic areas in necrotic fat cells
T/F: RCD can be physiologic or pathologic
T
T/F: ACD is only physiologic
F: it is only pathologic
extrinsic vs intrinsic apoptosis
extrinsic using death receptors whereas intrinsic is stimulated by stressed conditions
features of apoptotic cells
shrunken cell, intact membrane, condensed and blebbed cytoplasm, karyorrhexis, pyknosis
features of necrotic cells
swollen cell, disrupted membrane, expanded and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, karyolysis
