Cell Death and Perfusion Disorders I

Question 1

perfusion

Answer 1

passage of blood, a blood substrate, or other fluid through blood vessels or other natural channels in an organ or tissue

Question 1

what happens in acute reversible cell injury

Answer 1

cell swelling

Question 2

what happens in chronic reversible cell injury

Answer 2

intracellular accumulations (ex. bilirubin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin, hematoidin, hemiverdin, lipid, protein, glycogen, carbohydrates…)

Question 3

types of necrosis

Answer 3

coagulative, caseous, liquifactive , gangrenous

Question 4

causes of cell injury
- _____________ deficiency
- _____________ insults
- _____________ agents
- _____________ imbalances
- _____________ damage
- _____________ imbalance
- ____________, ____________, _____________
- _____________ dysfunction
- ______________

Answer 4

• oxygen deficiency
• physical insults
• infectious agents
• nutritional imbalances
• genetic damage
• workload imbalance
• chemicals, drugs, toxins
• immunological dysfunction
• aging

Question 5

mechanisms of cell injury (4)

Answer 5

1. ATP depletion
2. disruption to biochemical pathways (especially protein synthesis)
3. permeabilization of cell membranes
4. damage to DNA

Question 6

gross morphology of acute reversible cell injury

Answer 6

pallor, increased weight and volume of organ

Question 7

microscopic morphology of acute cell injury

Answer 7

swollen, vacuolated, pale cytoplasm

Question 8

what is a common mechanism of acute cell injury

Answer 8

ATP depletion and subsequent swelling due to ion pump failure

Question 9

accumulation of what causes cell injury and death and is always bad

Answer 9

calcium

Question 10

what is carbon accumulation called

Answer 10

anthracosis

Question 11

what is accumulation of inhaled particles called

Answer 11

pneumoconiosis

Question 12

where is glycogen normally found

Answer 12

hepatocytes and skeletal muscle

Question 13

what causes glycogen to abnormally accumulate in liver

Answer 13

diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism

Question 14

how does glycogen storage look histologically

Answer 14

feathery, vacuolated cytoplasm

Question 15

gross appearance of hepatic lipidosis

Answer 15

yellow, greasy, friable liver

Question 16

histologic appearance of hepatic lipidosis

Answer 16

swollen, vacuolated cytoplasm with nucleus pushed to periphery

Question 17

how does protein look histologically

Answer 17

eosinophilic, hyaline droplets or granules

Question 18

what commonly causes protein inclusions in cytoplasm

Answer 18

viral infection

Question 19

how does amyloid look grossly

Answer 19

yellow, waxy

Question 20

how does amyloid look histologically

Answer 20

homogenous, pale, eosinophilic

Question 21

where does amyloid accumulate

Answer 21

extracellular space

Question 22

metastatic vs dystrophic calcification

Answer 22

metastatic is increased serum calcium (hormone imbalances, nutritional imbalances, idiopathic) whereas dystrophic is dead/necrotic tissue

Question 23

gross appearance of calcification

Answer 23

white, chalky, brittle/gritty

Question 24

histologic appearance of calcification

Answer 24

basophilic

Question 25

cause of fat saponification

Answer 25

pancreatitis

Question 26

how does fat saponification during pancreatitis look

Answer 26

basophilic areas in necrotic fat cells

Question 27

T/F: RCD can be physiologic or pathologic

Answer 27

T

Question 28

T/F: ACD is only physiologic

Answer 28

F: it is only pathologic

Question 29

extrinsic vs intrinsic apoptosis

Answer 29

extrinsic using death receptors whereas intrinsic is stimulated by stressed conditions

Question 30

features of apoptotic cells

Answer 30

shrunken cell, intact membrane, condensed and blebbed cytoplasm, karyorrhexis, pyknosis

Question 31

features of necrotic cells

Answer 31

swollen cell, disrupted membrane, expanded and hypereosinophilic cytoplasm, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, karyolysis