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Veterinary Pathology > Cell Death and Perfusion Disorders II > Flashcards

Cell Death and Perfusion Disorders II Flashcards

1
Q

what is a thrombus

A

blood clot

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2
Q

what is an embolus

A

piece of free-floating foreign material in the blood

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3
Q

thromboembolus

A

an embolus derived from a thrombus

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4
Q

watershed area

A

a region of the body that receives dual blood supply from the distal branches of two large arteries

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5
Q

end-artery

A

an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of a tissue

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6
Q

examples of tissues that receive end-artery supply

A

regions of kidney, spleen, liver, intestine, heart, brain

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7
Q

sequela

A

condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury

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8
Q

amorphous

A

no clearly defined shape or form

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9
Q

what percentage of body weight is water

A

60%

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10
Q

what is the distribution of water in the intracellular and extracellular environment

A

2/3 intra
1/3 extra

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11
Q

what is the distribution of plasma and interstitial fluid

A

80% interstitial; 20% plasma

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12
Q

causes of edema (4)

A
  1. increased MICROvascular permeability
  2. increased hydrostatic pressure inside vessels
  3. decreased oncotic pressure inside vessels
  4. decreased lymphatic drainage
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13
Q

causes of increased HP inside vessels

A

hyperemia or congestion

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14
Q

causes of decreased OP inside vessels

A

decreased production of or excessive loss of albumin

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15
Q

gross morphology of edema

A

swelling of tissues; extra fluid in a cavity; can be clear or yellow

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16
Q

histologic morphology of edema

A

amorphous, pale eosinophilic fluid

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17
Q

how does pulmonary edema appear

A

foamy

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18
Q

edema in the chest cavity is called

A

hydrothorax

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19
Q

edema in the abdominal cavity is called

A

ascites

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20
Q

what region of tissue will get edema first

A

subcutaneous layer (takes path of least resistance)

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21
Q

what are two consequences of edema

A

fibrosis and compression of the organs in the space the fluid occupies

22
Q

severity of edema depends on (2)

A

duration and location

23
Q

what is hyperemia

A

increase in blood supply to an organ or tissue

24
Q

what does hyperemia indicate

A

an adaptive circulatory response (increased oxygen demand, inflammation, heat dissipation)

25
Q

clinically what is hyperemia important

A

it indicates an underlying condition (ex. why we check the sclera of an animal for redness)

26
Q

what is congestion

A

accumulation of blood in a vascular bed die to reduced or obstructed OUTFLOW

27
Q

what is an example of congestion that is an artifact and not a significant finding

A

hypostatic congestion

28
Q

are arteries or veins the first to get congested in intestinal torsion

A

veins (thinner walled)

29
Q

congestion in the intestines due to torsion would cause what pattern

A

segmental

30
Q

how does right sided heart failure cause ischemic necrosis in the liver

A

right-sided heart failure -> congestion in systemic circulation -> elevated central venous pressure -> congestion in zone 3 -> ischemic necrosis

31
Q

what pattern does ischemic necrosis in the liver cause

A

zonal (nutmeg liver)

32
Q

how does left-sided heart failure impact the lungs

A

left-sided heart failure -> congestion in lung circulation -> blood accumulates in alveoli -> RBC breakdown in alveoli -> pigments accumulate in macrophages (ex. hemoglobin)

33
Q

what does congestion predispose to (3)

A

thrombosis (due to abnormal blood flow), edema (due to increased HP), tissue hypoxia (dilution of oxygenated blood entering tissue since deoxygenated blood cannot leave)

34
Q

what is involved in hemostasis (3)

A

endothelial cells, platelets, coagulation factors

35
Q

what conditions are caused by altered hemostasis

A

hemorrhage or thrombosis(2)

36
Q

what is hemorrhage

A

extravasation of blood

37
Q

gross appearance of hemorrhage

A

free blood in space or cavity; appears bright red to red-blue in tissue and does not conform to a vascular pattern

38
Q

does congestion conform to a vascular pattern

A

yes! (how you can tell whether it is congestion or hemorrhage)

39
Q

histologic appearance of hemorrhage

A

RBCs outside of blood vessels; may see macrophages breaking them down

40
Q

hemorrhage that is 1-2 mm is called ___________ whereas hemorrhage that is 1-2 cm is called __________

A

petechiae; ecchymoses

41
Q

a palpable mass of hemorrhage is called

A

hemotoma

42
Q

a pattern created by some forms of hemorrhage is

A

paintbrush

43
Q

hemopericardium can cause

A

cardiac tamponade

44
Q

a black mass of clotted blood indicates

A

exposure to acids (ex. bleeding ulcers in the stomach due to erosion of the mucosa)

45
Q

localized and/or slow hemorrhage causes (2)

A

hematoma; anemia

46
Q

widespread and/or fast hemorrhage causes (4)

A

anemia; decreased perfusion; shock; death

47
Q

what is virchow’s triad

A

predisposing factors to thrombosis:
1. abnormal blood flow
2. endothelial injury
3. hypercoagulability

48
Q

name 2 causes of hypercoagulability

A

enhanced platelet activity, increased clotting factor activation

49
Q

name 2 causes of abnormal blood flow

A

aneurysm, cardiac disease, local stasis, hypovolemia

50
Q

name 2 causes of endothelial injury

A

toxins (ex. endotoxin), viruses, bacteria

51
Q

sequela of thromboembolism

A

sepsis if infected; distant infarction

52
Q

name 4 fates of a thrombus

A

lysis, incorporation, recanalization, embolization

Veterinary Pathology (7 decks)

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