Pharynx, larynx and tonsils Flashcards
What structures make up the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
hypopharynx/laryngopharynx
What is the name of the opening from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx
Choanae (plural)
Choana (Sng)
What is the name of the tonsils found in the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Which two pairs of tonsils are found in the oropharynx
palatine tonsils & lingual tonsil
What is the opening called where the oral cavity meets the oropharynx?
Fauces
Where does the hypopharynx extend from?
The tip of the epiglottis all the way to the inf border of the cricoid cartilage
what cell type are the oropharynx and hypopharynx lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
Which level of the spinal cord does the larynx correlate with?
C3- C6
superior to inferior list the 3 anatomical sections of the larynx
- Supraglottis
- glottis
- Subglottis
List 3 functions of the larynx
- voice production (contains vocal cords) - when partially open
- Protects the airways during inhalation - when closed
- allows breathing when open
Name the 3 larger unpaired pieces of cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage - complete ring
Name the 3 smaller paired pieces of cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage - sits on the cricoid
- corniculate cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilage - suspended in a membrane anterior to the corniculate
what type of cartilage is the epiglottis made from?
Elastic cartilage
what are the false vocal cords?
These are the vestibule folds that extend from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
Where are the true vocal cords found
These are inferior to the false vocal cords
What cell type lines the larynx
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
How do the vocal cords produce sound and how is it modulated?
how? - vibration of the vocal cords
modified - tongue position and shape of oral cavity
Anatomically where are the the false and true vocal cords found within the larynx.
False (vestibular folds) are found in the supraglottis
True vocal cords are found in the glottis
What nodes does the supraglottic larynx drain to?
Superior deep cervical nodes
What nodes does the subglottic larynx drain to?
Lower deep cervical nodes
What region of the larynx has no lymphatic drainage
Glottis
Where do the waldeyers ring tonsils drain to?
Jugulodigastric node
Upper deep cervical nodes
What is the most common type of laryngeal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
List 5 signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer?
- Hoarseness of voice
- persistent cough
- lump or swelling in neck
4.difficulty swallowing - persistent sore throat/earache
What are the main risk factors of larynx cancer?
- Being a man
- Old age
- Smoking
- Alcohol
What is the name of the endoscopy procedure of the larynx?
Laryngoscopy
List what treatment options are available for larynx cancer:
- Surgery - laryngectomy, neck dissection
- Radiotherapy
- Chemotherapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted therapy
List 5 signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer:
- Difficulty swallowing
2.lump/swelling in neck - sore throat/tongue
- bad breath
- earache
List 3 most common risk factors of oropharyngeal cancer?
- HPV
- Tobacco
- Alcohol consumption
What are the treatment options available for oropharngeal cancer?
- Surgery - transoral surgery, neck dissection, reconstructive surgery
- Radiotherapy - alone or after surgery, given with or without chemo,
- Chemotherapy - normally given with radiotherapy, alone for advanced stage cancer,
- Immunotherapy