Pharynx, larynx and tonsils

Question 1

What structures make up the pharynx?

Answer 1

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
hypopharynx/laryngopharynx

Question 2

What is the name of the opening from the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx

Answer 2

Choanae (plural)
Choana (Sng)

Question 3

What is the name of the tonsils found in the nasopharynx

Answer 3

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Question 4

Which two pairs of tonsils are found in the oropharynx

Answer 4

palatine tonsils & lingual tonsil

Question 5

What is the opening called where the oral cavity meets the oropharynx?

Answer 5

Fauces

Question 6

Where does the hypopharynx extend from?

Answer 6

The tip of the epiglottis all the way to the inf border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 7

what cell type are the oropharynx and hypopharynx lined with?

Answer 7

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

Which level of the spinal cord does the larynx correlate with?

Answer 8

C3- C6

Question 9

superior to inferior list the 3 anatomical sections of the larynx

Answer 9

1. Supraglottis
2. glottis
3. Subglottis

Question 10

List 3 functions of the larynx

Answer 10

1. voice production (contains vocal cords) - when partially open
2. Protects the airways during inhalation - when closed
3. allows breathing when open

Question 11

Name the 3 larger unpaired pieces of cartilage

Answer 11

1. Epiglottis
2. Thyroid cartilage
3. cricoid cartilage - complete ring

Question 12

Name the 3 smaller paired pieces of cartilage

Answer 12

1. arytenoid cartilage - sits on the cricoid
2. corniculate cartilage
3. Cuneiform cartilage - suspended in a membrane anterior to the corniculate

Question 13

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis made from?

Answer 13

Elastic cartilage

Question 14

what are the false vocal cords?

Answer 14

These are the vestibule folds that extend from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage

Question 15

Where are the true vocal cords found

Answer 15

These are inferior to the false vocal cords

Question 16

What cell type lines the larynx

Answer 16

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 17

How do the vocal cords produce sound and how is it modulated?

Answer 17

how? - vibration of the vocal cords
modified - tongue position and shape of oral cavity

Question 18

Anatomically where are the the false and true vocal cords found within the larynx.

Answer 18

False (vestibular folds) are found in the supraglottis

True vocal cords are found in the glottis

Question 19

What nodes does the supraglottic larynx drain to?

Answer 19

Superior deep cervical nodes

Question 20

What nodes does the subglottic larynx drain to?

Answer 20

Lower deep cervical nodes

Question 21

What region of the larynx has no lymphatic drainage

Answer 21

Glottis

Question 22

Where do the waldeyers ring tonsils drain to?

Answer 22

Jugulodigastric node
Upper deep cervical nodes

Question 23

What is the most common type of laryngeal cancer?

Answer 23

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 24

List 5 signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer?

Answer 24

1. Hoarseness of voice
2. persistent cough
3. lump or swelling in neck
   4.difficulty swallowing
4. persistent sore throat/earache

Question 25

What are the main risk factors of larynx cancer?

Answer 25

1. Being a man
2. Old age
3. Smoking
4. Alcohol

Question 26

What is the name of the endoscopy procedure of the larynx?

Answer 26

Laryngoscopy

Question 27

List what treatment options are available for larynx cancer:

Answer 27

1. Surgery - laryngectomy, neck dissection
2. Radiotherapy
3. Chemotherapy
4. Immunotherapy
5. Targeted therapy

Question 28

List 5 signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer:

Answer 28

1. Difficulty swallowing
   2.lump/swelling in neck
2. sore throat/tongue
3. bad breath
4. earache

Question 29

List 3 most common risk factors of oropharyngeal cancer?

Answer 29

1. HPV
2. Tobacco
3. Alcohol consumption

Question 30

What are the treatment options available for oropharngeal cancer?

Answer 30

1. Surgery - transoral surgery, neck dissection, reconstructive surgery
2. Radiotherapy - alone or after surgery, given with or without chemo,
3. Chemotherapy - normally given with radiotherapy, alone for advanced stage cancer,
4. Immunotherapy